http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Relating Prognosis in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Chromophobe Tumor Grading System
Elizabeth P Weinzierl,Alan E Thong,Jesse K McKenney,전승현,Benjamin I Chung 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.4
Purpose: The chromophobe subtype of renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) has generally beenassociated with a better prognosis than the clear cell type; however, debate continuesas to absolute prognosis as well as the significance of certain prognostic variables. Weinvestigated the significance of pathologic stage and a recently proposed chromophobetumor grading (CTG) scheme in predicting chRCC outcomes. Materials and Methods: All available chRCCs were identified from our surgical pathologyarchives from 1987–2010. Original slides were reviewed to verify diagnoses andstage, and each case was graded following a novel chromophobe tumor grade systemcriteria. Disease status was obtained from a clinical outcome database, and cancer specificdeaths and recurrences were recorded. Results: Eighty-one cases of chRCC were identified, and 73 had adequate follow-up informationavailable. There were only 3 instances of cancer related recurrence or mortality,which included 1 disease specific mortality and 2 disease recurrences. Pathologicstage and CTG 3 were found to be significantly associated with the recurrences or deathfrom chRCC, but there was no association with CTG 1 and CTG 2. Conclusions: chRCC is associated with a very low rate of cancer specific events (4.1%)even at a tertiary referral center. In our study, pathologic stage and CTG 3, but notCTG 1 or 2, were significantly associated with the development of these events.
TESCHE, MATTHIAS,MÜ,LLER, DETLEF,GROSS, SILKE,ANSMANN, ALBERT,ALTHAUSEN, DIETRICH,FREUDENTHALER, VOLKER,WEINZIERL, BERNADETT,VEIRA, ANDREAS,PETZOLD, ANDREAS Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.63 No.4
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Lidar measurements of mixed dust/smoke plumes over the tropical Atlantic ocean were carried out during the winter campaign of SAMUM‐2 at Cape Verde. Profiles of backscatter and extinction coefficients, lidar ratios, and Ångström exponents related to pure biomass‐burning aerosol from southern West Africa were extracted from these observations. Furthermore, these findings were used as input for an inversion algorithm to retrieve microphysical properties of pure smoke. Seven measurement days were found suitable for the procedure of aerosol‐type separation and successive inversion of optical data that describe biomass‐burning smoke. We inferred high smoke lidar ratios of 87 ± 17 sr at 355 nm and 79 ± 17 sr at 532 nm. Smoke lidar ratios and Ångström exponents are higher compared to the ones for the dust/smoke mixture. These numbers indicate higher absorption and smaller sizes for pure smoke particles compared to the dust/smoke mixture. Inversion of the smoke data set results in mean effective radii of 0.22 ± 0.08 μm with individual results varying between 0.10 and 0.36 μm. The single‐scattering albedo for pure biomass‐burning smoke was found to vary between 0.63 and 0.89 with a very low mean value of 0.75 ± 0.07. This is in good agreement with findings of airborne in situ measurements which showed values of 0.77 ± 0.03. Effective radii from the inversion were similar to the ones found for the fine mode of the in situ size distributions.</P>
Optical properties of aerosol mixtures derived from sun‐sky radiometry during SAMUM‐2
TOLEDANO, C.,WIEGNER, M.,GROß, S.,FREUDENTHALER, V.,GASTEIGER, J.,MÜ,LLER, D.,MÜ,LLER, T.,SCHLADITZ, A.,WEINZIERL, B.,TORRES, B.,O'NEILL, N. T. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.63 No.4
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The SAMUM‐2 experiment took place in the Cape Verde islands in January–February 2008. The colocated ground‐based and airborne instruments allow the study of desert dust optical and microphysical properties in a closure experiment. The Meteorological Institute of the University of Munich deployed one sun‐sky photometer and two tropospheric lidar systems. A travelling AERONET‐Cimel sun‐sky radiometer was also deployed. During the measurement period the aerosol scenario over Cape Verde mostly consisted of a dust layer below 2 km and a smoke‐dust layer above 2–4 km a.s.l. The Saharan dust arrived at the site from the NE, whereas the smoke originated in the African equatorial region. This paper describes the main results of the Sun photometer observations, supported by lidar information. An analysis of the variations in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the range 340–1550 nm, the Ångström exponent, volume size distributions and single scattering albedo is presented. The aerosol mixtures are analysed by means of the fine mode fraction of the AOD provided by the sun‐sky inversion data and the Spectral Deconvolution Algorithm. The mean AOD (500 nm) was 0.31, with associated low Ångström exponent of 0.46. Several types of events were detected within the data set, with prevalence of dust or mixtures as characterized by the Ångström exponents of extinction and absorption and the fine mode fraction. Aerosol properties derived from sunphotometry were compared to in situ measurements of size distribution, effective radius and single scattering albedo.</P>