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準自然場面における「誘い行動」の日韓比較 - ディスコ - スㆍポライトネス理論の觀点から
宇佐美まゆみ(Usami Mayumi) 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2006 日本硏究 Vol.28 No.-
This paper introduces the basic framework of Discourse Politeness Theory (hereafter, DPT) and analyzes "inviting behaviors" in Japanese and Korean quasi natural conversations, from the viewpoint of DPT (Usami, 2001a, 2002a). DPT has been developed based on the results of a series of empirical research, and it attempts to enable researchers to contrast politeness behavior in languages with and without honorifics within the same framework, while minimizing cultural biases. DPT also attempts to contribute to finding ways to solve problems created by cross cultural misunderstanding. DPT is based on the core concepts of "discourse politeness" which is defined as "the functional dynamic whole of factors of both linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena that playa part in the pragmatic politeness of a discourse", and "discourse default" which is used for representing the prototypical state of factors both in linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena within the discourse. DPT consists of the following six key concepts: 1) "discourse defaults", which is used to represent the prototypical state of factors both in linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena within discourse, 2) "markedness of politeness", 3) "markedness of behavior", 4) three types of "politeness effect", which are positive, neutral, and negative effects toward pleasantness, 5) "Discrepancy in estimation value (De value)", which is the discrepancy between the speaker" s and hearer" s estimation of the degree of Face Threat of the speaker" s act, and 6) "absolute and relative politeness". Examples of "inviting behaviors" in Japanese and Korean quasi natural conversations are qualitatively analyzed and explained by using the concepts in DPT. Finally, the contribution of DPT to the study of cross cultural pragmatics and interpersonal communication is mentioned.
폐기물매립지에서 지반의 부분침하로 인한 지오멤브레인 차수막의 장력 측정을 위한 non-linear ELASTIC MODEL
( Sadahiko Usami ),( Kenji Kuzumaki ),( Shigeyoshi Imaizumi ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2
HDPE, EPDM, TPE(PE, PP)와 같은 다양한 지오멤브레인은 침출수가 주변지반으로 침출되지 않도록 폐기물매립지의 바닥 및 사면에 포설된다. 지하수를 채수하기 위한 유공관 또한 지오멤브레인이 포설된 바닥층 아래에 있다. 일반적으로 지반토를 파낸 구멍에 유공관을 묻고 흙으로 덮는다. 흙을 채울때 충분히 압축하지 않으면, 매립폐기물의 중량에 따른 압착이 일어나 위에 포설된 지오멤브레인의 부분침하를 초래할 것이다. 이러한 부분침하는 지오멤브레인을 인장변형을 초래할 것이며, 큰 인장변형으로 인하여 지오멤브레인은 손상될 것이다. 본 연구에서 저자는 부분침하와 모래층 사이에 포설된 지오멤브레인 내에 형성된 인장변형과의 관계를 평가하기 위하여 실내실험을 행하였다. 또한 폐기물매립지에서 지반의 부분침하에 의해 발생된 지오멤브레인의 최대 인장변형을 측정하기 위하여 Modified Elastic Model(MEM)을 유도하였다. 이 모델에서는 지오멤브레인의 stress(길이 방향변형)와 strain(응력)의 관계가 쌍곡선 (hyperbolic) 으로 나타나는 것으로 가정하였다. Relative displacement와 frictional stress는 여전히 rigid plastic으로 가정된다. 저자는 MEM이 stress와 strain 사이에 선형관계가 있는 것으로 가정하는 old Elastic Model(EM)에 비하여 주어진 인장(elongation)에 대하여 더 큰 최대인장변형을 나타냄을 보이고 있다. Many types of geomembrane, for example, HDPE, EPDM and TPE(PE,PP) are placed on the bottom and side slope in waste landfill for the leachate not to infiltrate into the surrounding ground. The perforated pipe to collect groundwater is also placed under the bottom liner including the geomembrane. The pipe is usually varied into the trench that is ditched in base ground and then filled with soil. In case compaction work to fill the soil is not so enough, the compression due to the weight of buried waste may occur and result in the partial settlement of the geomembrane liner spread over it. This partial settlement will surely demand the stretch of the geomembrane. Large stretch means large tensile strain, which leads to break of geomembrane. The authors conducted trapped door tests to evaluate the relation between the partial settlement and the induced tensile strains within the placed geomembrane between sand layers. They also derived Modified Elastic Model (MEM) for estimating the maximum tensile strain of geomembrane liner caused by partial settlement of base ground in waste landfill. In this model, the relation between stress and strain of geomembrane is assumed as hyperbolic. The relation between relative displacement and frictional stress is still assumed as rigid plastic. They show that the MEM presents larger maximum tensile strain for a given elongation than old Elastic Model (EM) in which relation between stress and strain is assumed as a linear.
Masaaki Usami,Ichiro Takeuchi,Reiko Kyodo,Yuri Hirano,Kosuke Kashiwagi,Hiroki Fujikawa,Hirotaka Shimizu,Toshinao Kawai,Katsuhiro Arai 대한장연구학회 2022 Intestinal Research Vol.20 No.4
Background/Aims: Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD), defined as IBD diagnosed in patients younger than 6 years, is a challenge for pediatric gastroenterologists. Although there have been reports regarding VEO-IBD in Western countries, those in Asia are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of Japanese VEO-IBD patients.Methods: Patients with VEO-IBD diagnosed between 2006 and 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. The disease phenotypes were classified into ulcerative colitis type (UC-type) and Crohn’s disease type (CD-type), and the clinical features and courses were compared between the phenotypes.Results: Overall, 54 VEO-IBD patients (19 patients with UC-type and 35 patients with CD-type) were evaluated. The median age at onset was 18 months. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and 9 patients had monogenic IBD. Monogenic IBD was more prevalent in the CD-type patients with perianal disease (CD-type (PD)). The age at onset was significantly lower in the CD-type group (P<0.05). The most common initial symptom was bloody stools (70%), followed by diarrhea (63%), weight loss (24%), fever (20%), and perianal disease (20%). Excluding patients with SCID and monogenic IBD, 23 out of 44 patients (52%) required biologics. The biologics were switched in 11 out of 44 patients (25%), and the majority of these patients (82%) were in the CD-type group. Overall, 9 patients (20%) required intestinal resection or ostomy placement.Conclusions: CD-type tends to occur at an earlier age, and monogenic IBD occurs significantly more frequently in CD-type (PD). Disease severity and treatment should be individualized, owing to the disease heterogeneity.