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Comparison of by‑product gas composition by activations of activated carbon
Gi Bbum Lee,Jung Eun Park,Sang Youp Hwang,Ji Hyun Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Ho Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3
In this study, commercial activated carbons (ACs) were upgraded by different activation methods, and the gases generated during the activations were defined and quantified. The chemical activation commonly applied for upgrading ACs uses complex reactions, involving pyrolysis, physical, and chemical reactions. The ACs based on wood materials were characterized by elemental analysis, N2 physisorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry. The patterns and composition of the generated gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction; high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was also used to characterize the activated carbon. The AC was mostly decomposed to CO2 by pyrolysis and physical activation, while CO was mainly detected during chemical activation from the K2CO3 produced by the reactions between CO2 and K2O. The detected amounts of generated gases were differed at various KOH ratios and residence times. The highest surface area obtained in this study was 2000 m2/g at the optimum ratio of AC and KOH (1:2).
Recent Status of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease in Young Korean Population
( Geon-ui Kim ),( Gi-ae Kim ),( In-hwan Oh ),( Jae-jun Shim ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1
Aims: Since introduction of various antiviral agents for chronic viral hepatitis in Korea, alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) seems to increase recently. Moreover, Korea has experienced rapid societal changes in lifestyle, drinking culture, and women’s human right. The aim of this study is to analyze the current epidemiologic status of ALD in young Korean adults (18 - 49 years) and provide basic data for a policy making to prevent ALD in the country. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance Corporation’s sample cohort 2.0. From 2006 to 2015, we investiaged patients who were hospitalized with ALD diagnosis codes (K70). Severe ALD was defined as a patient with steroids, diuretics, ascites, endoscopic variceal ligation, use of vasoconstrictor terlipressin, or lactulose during hospitalization. Annual prevalence of hospitalized patients due to ALD by age group and gender were analyzed. We also investigated health care utilization with ALD using Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) service data from 2010 to 2019. Results: Among 665,471 paticipants (18 - 49 years) of the sample cohort, 3,805 patients (0.57%) were hospitalized with ALD. Hospitalization rate of men due to ALD was 1.72 per 100,000 person-year (PY) in 2006 and decreased steadily to 0.83 per 100,000 PY in 2015 (-48.2%). For women, hospitalization rate increased from 0.18 to 0.32 per 100,000 PV between 2006 to 2009 (+78.5%) and the rate remains stable around 0.27 per 100,000 PV between 2010 and 2015. The ratio of men to women by year has sharply decreased from 9.3 to 3.3 between 2006 and 2015. The proportion of severe ALD among hospitalized patients was about 60% and remained unchanged during 10 years and was similar between men and women. HIRA data also showed that total number of male patients (20- 49 years) with any ALD decreased 58,962 to 33,431 between 2010 to 2019 (-43.3%). However, the number of female patients was 11,356 in 2010 and decreased to 8,670 in 2019 (-23.7%). Conclusions: ALD is clearly decreasing in young Korean population. However, the reduction is only evident in men not in women. We might see relatively more female patients with ALD than before. As like viral hepatitis, ALD in Korea seems to decrease significantly in the future.
당뇨병성 혈액투석 환자에서 동정맥루 조기 기능부전과 심혈관 사망률과의 연관성
김영옥 ( Kim Yeong Og ),윤선애 ( Yun Seon Ae ),송호철 ( Song Ho Cheol ),허기훈 ( Heo Gi Hun ),양철우 ( Yang Cheol U ),진동찬 ( Jin Dong Chan ),김용수 ( Kim Yong Su ),김석영 ( Kim Seog Yeong ),최의진 ( Choe Ui Jin ),장윤식 ( Jang Y 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.4
배 경 : 당뇨병성 만성 신부전증 환자에서 동정맥루 기능부전이 흔하게 발생하는 기전은 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 동정맥루 수술부위의 혈관 상태 불량과 관련이 있을 것으로 추정되고 있다. 그러므로 당뇨병성 만성 신부전증 환자에서 동정맥루 기능부전이 심혈관 사망률과 관련이 있을 것으로 추측되고 있으나 현재까지 이에 대한 보고가 없다. 이에 저자들은 당뇨병성 신부전증 환자에서 동정맥루 조기 기능부전과 심혈관계 사망에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는지를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 1995년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 가톨릭대학교 의정부성모병원에서 동정맥루 수술을 시행 받은 당뇨병성 신부전증 환자 144명을 대상으로 하였다. 수술 후 1년 이내에 발생한 동정맥루 기능부전을 조사하고 2002년 12월까지 심혈관 사망률을 조사하였다. 전체 환자를 동정맥루 조기 기능부전군과 개존군으로 나누어 두 군간에 심혈관계 사망률을 Kaplan-Meier 방법과 log rank test를 이용하여 분석하였으며 심혈관계 이외의 사망과 추적 관찰 소실은 censored data로 처리하였다. 대상 환자의 평균 연령은 58±11세이었고 남자는 57명 (39.6%)이었다. 결 과 : 전체 144명 환자 증 동정맥루 조기 기능부전은 68명에서 발생하였다 (47.2%). 32±20개월의 추적 관찰 기간 동안 심혈관 사망은 62명 (43.1%)에서 발생하였다. 동정맥루 조기 기능부전군 (n=68)의 추적 관찰기간은 개존군 (n=76)에 비해 통계적 차이는 없었으나 짧은 경향을 보였다 (29±17 vs 35±22개월, p=0.07). 그러나 이 기간 동안 조기 기능부전군은 개존군에 비해 급성 심근경색증 (13.2% vs 3.9%, p=0.044), 울혈성 심부전증 (70.5% vs 13.1%, p<0.001), 말초동백질환 (20.5% vs 3.9%, p=0.002)의 발생빈도가 각각 높았다. 조기 기능부전군의 심혈관 사망률은 정상군에 비해 유의하게 높았다 (3년; 54.6% vs 24.6%, 5년; 77.0% vs 42.3%, p=0.005). 결 론 : 혈액투석을 받고 있는 당뇨병성 신부전증 환자에서 동정맥루 조기 기능부전은 심혈관 사망률과 관련이 있을 것으로 추정된다. Background : Although the exact mechanism in which vascular acces failure frequently occurs in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus is not well known, it is considered to be associated with the poor quality of the vessel at the vascular access operation sites. Therefore, vascular access failure may be associated with cardiovascular mortality in the diabetic patients, but it is not reported yet. We studied the impact of early vascular access failure on the cardiovascular morbidity in the hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods : This retrospective study enrolled 144 patients who received vascular access operation between January, 1995 and December, 2000 at Uijongbu St. Mary`s Hospital. We investigate vascular access failure within 1 year after the access operation and evaluated the cardiovascular death until December, 2002. We analyzed the cardiovascular mortality between early vascular failure group and patent group using Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test. Results : The mean age of the parients was 58±11 years and the number of male was 57 (39.6%). Early vascular access failure developed in 68 patients (47.2%). During 32±20 months of mean follow-up period, there was 62 cardiovascular deaths. The follow-up period tended to be shorter in the access failure group (n=68) than the patent group (n=76) (29±17 months vs 35±22 months, p=0.07). But the access failure group had higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction (13.2% vs 3.9%, p=0.044), congestive heart failure (70.5% vs 13.1%, p<0.001), and peripheral arterial disease (20.5% vs 3.9%, p=0.002), compared to the patent group. The cardiovascular mortality of the access failure group was higher than that of the patent group (3 year; 54.6% vs 24.6%, 5 year; 77.0% vs 42.3%, p=0.005). Conclusion : This data suggest that early vascular access failure is associated with the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. (Korean J Nephrol 2003;22(4):397-404)