The Malaria Vaccination Era: How Endemic Countries and Donors Can Make the Most of R21

Tom Drake(Tom Drake),Javier Guzman(Javier Guzman),Pete Baker(Pete Baker) 국제개발협력학회 2024 국제개발협력연구 Vol.16 No.4

Purpose: This paper provides a framework for evidence-informed decision- making in the rollout of new malaria vaccines, examining the interplay between research priorities, national health systems, and global health institutions. Originality: The recent approval of the R21 malaria vaccine in Ghana and Nigeria marks a potential turning point in malaria control, yet historical challenges in implementing health technologies suggest that scientific breakthroughs alone do not guarantee public health impact. Methodology: Analysis of existing malaria control measures and emerging vaccine data used to posit that R21's promising efficacy (up to 80% reduction in malaria cases) must be evaluated within broader health system contexts and resource constraints. Result: The article proposes an approach centered on integrated national priority setting systems, supported by scenario-based WHO guidance, locally adaptable health technology assessment models, and coordinated donor activities. Conclusions and Implication: The paper concludes that realizing R21's full potential requires moving beyond efficacy data to address pragmatic implementation challenges, including targeting strategies, resource allocation trade-offs, and health system integration. Recent developments in WHO guidance and regional health institutions suggest growing recognition of these needs, but successful implementation will require careful attention to local contexts, economic evidence, and systematic priority-setting processes.

A New Compact for Financing Health Services: Opportunities for Gavi and Partner Countries

Alec Morton(Alec Morton),Jamaica Briones(Jamaica Briones),Anastassia Demeshko(Anastassia Demeshko),Pete Baker(Pete Baker),Tom Drake(Tom Drake) 국제개발협력학회 2024 국제개발협력연구 Vol.16 No.4

Purpose: This paper has examined whether there is an advantage of adopting a New Compact underpinned by a marginal aid framework. Originality: As Gavi embarks on its next strategic phase, “Gavi 6.0,” it faces multiple challenges: shifting donor priorities, rising costs of new vaccines, incomplete vaccine coverage, and economic constraints in supported countries. Additionally, health ministries face increasing pressures related to universal health coverage, complex disease burdens, and fragmented aid systems. Methodology: The Marginal aid framework used to discuss five policy shifts for Gavi to consider in order to deliver a New Compact with partner countries most effectively. Result: The New Compact is based on three pillars that reflect a shared responsibility between a country and its donors: (1) evidence-informed, locally led prioritization; (2) domestic first resource allocation with donor support for marginally cost-effective interventions; and (3) consolidated supplementary aid. Conclusions and Implication: This paper suggest five policy shifts for Gavi to enhance the New Compact’s effectiveness: focusing country financing on high priority vaccines while using Gavi funds at the margins; ensuring comprehensive coverage for underserved populations; improving donor coordination; adapting pooled procurement; and strengthening market shaping through value-based commitments. This research conclude with recommendations for Gavi’s transition, emphasizing the need for strategic dialogue and adaptive policies to align with the New Compact and achieve sustainable vaccination outcome.

Molecular Engineering of Zinc Phthalocyanines with Phosphinic Acid Anchoring Groups

Ló,pez‐,Duarte, Ismael,Wang, Mingkui,Humphry‐,Baker, Robin,Ince, Mine,Martí,nez‐,Dí,az, M. Victoria,Nazeeruddin, Mohammad K.,Torres, Tomá,s,Grä,tzel, Mich WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Angewandte Chemie Vol.124 No.8

<P><B>Zwei Zinkphthalocyanin‐Photosensibilisatoren</B> mit verschiedenen Phosphinsäure‐Ankergruppen (siehe Schema) wurden synthetisiert. Solarzellen mit diesen Verbindungen verfügen über eine Photostromdichte von (7.6±0.2) mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> bei geschlossenem Stromkreis, eine Spannung von (559±30) mV bei offenem Stromkreis und einen Füllfaktor von 0.76±0.03; dies entspricht einem Gesamtwirkungsgrad von 3.24 % unter 1 sun.</P>

Reidentification of pheromone composition of Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) and evidence of geographic variation in male responses from two US states

Junwei Zhu,Kye-Chung Park,Carolyn Garvey,Daniel Mahr,Satoshi Nojima,Wendell Roelofs,Tom Baker,Sridhar Polavarapu 한국응용곤충학회 2009 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.12 No.4

GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts of calling female Sparganothis sulfureana revealed at least 6 compounds that consistently elicited antennal responses from male antennae. In addition to the major pheromone compound, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:OAc), which was previously reported, the other compounds were found to be (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:OAc), and (E)-11-tetradecenol (E11–14:OH). Tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate and hexadecenyl acetates were also present in the extracts, but elicited no EAG response frommale antennae. Wind tunnel tests demonstrated that males from NewJersey responded equally well to a blend containing five pheromone components in relative to the pheromone glands of calling females. Different male-response profiles from field-trapping tests conducted in the states of Wisconsin and NewJersey were observed, respectively. Significantly higher numbers of male S. sulfureana were caught in New Jersey in traps baited with the binary blend of E11–14:OAc (30 μg) with 1% of Z11–14:OAc, but males from Wisconsin responded equally well to traps containing blends of E11–14:OAc with 0–10% of Z11–14: OAc. The addition of more than 10% of Z11–14:OAc to the primary pheromone compound reduced male captures significantly in both states. Male catches were doubled by adding E9–12:OAc and E11–14:OH to the most attractive binary blend in both states. The trapping test with caged live virgin female moths showed that males in Wisconsin preferred females from the local population than those from NewJersey. The differences in male responses observed may indicate the existence of pheromone polymorphism in this species. GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts of calling female Sparganothis sulfureana revealed at least 6 compounds that consistently elicited antennal responses from male antennae. In addition to the major pheromone compound, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:OAc), which was previously reported, the other compounds were found to be (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:OAc), and (E)-11-tetradecenol (E11–14:OH). Tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate and hexadecenyl acetates were also present in the extracts, but elicited no EAG response frommale antennae. Wind tunnel tests demonstrated that males from NewJersey responded equally well to a blend containing five pheromone components in relative to the pheromone glands of calling females. Different male-response profiles from field-trapping tests conducted in the states of Wisconsin and NewJersey were observed, respectively. Significantly higher numbers of male S. sulfureana were caught in New Jersey in traps baited with the binary blend of E11–14:OAc (30 μg) with 1% of Z11–14:OAc, but males from Wisconsin responded equally well to traps containing blends of E11–14:OAc with 0–10% of Z11–14: OAc. The addition of more than 10% of Z11–14:OAc to the primary pheromone compound reduced male captures significantly in both states. Male catches were doubled by adding E9–12:OAc and E11–14:OH to the most attractive binary blend in both states. The trapping test with caged live virgin female moths showed that males in Wisconsin preferred females from the local population than those from NewJersey. The differences in male responses observed may indicate the existence of pheromone polymorphism in this species.