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- 저자 : Toleman, Mark A. (검색결과 3 건)
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Yong, Dongeun,Toleman, Mark A.,Giske, Christian G.,Cho, Hyun S.,Sundman, Kristina,Lee, Kyungwon,Walsh, Timothy R. American Society for Microbiology 2009 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol.53 No.12
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>A Swedish patient of Indian origin traveled to New Delhi, India, and acquired a urinary tract infection caused by a carbapenem-resistant <I>Klebsiella pneumoniae</I> strain that typed to the sequence type 14 complex. The isolate, <I>Klebsiella pneumoniae</I> 05-506, was shown to possess a metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) but was negative for previously known MBL genes. Gene libraries and amplification of class 1 integrons revealed three resistance-conferring regions; the first contained <I>bla</I>CMY-4 flanked by IS<I>EcP1</I> and <I>blc</I>. The second region of 4.8 kb contained a complex class 1 integron with the gene cassettes <I>arr</I>-<I>2</I>, a new erythromycin esterase gene; <I>ereC</I>; <I>aadA1</I>; and <I>cmlA7</I>. An intact IS<I>CR1</I> element was shown to be downstream from the <I>qac</I>/<I>sul</I> genes. The third region consisted of a new MBL gene, designated <I>bla</I>NDM-1, flanked on one side by <I>K. pneumoniae</I> DNA and a truncated IS<I>26</I> element on its other side. The last two regions lie adjacent to one another, and all three regions are found on a 180-kb region that is easily transferable to recipient strains and that confers resistance to all antibiotics except fluoroquinolones and colistin. NDM-1 shares very little identity with other MBLs, with the most similar MBLs being VIM-1/VIM-2, with which it has only 32.4% identity. As well as possessing unique residues near the active site, NDM-1 also has an additional insert between positions 162 and 166 not present in other MBLs. NDM-1 has a molecular mass of 28 kDa, is monomeric, and can hydrolyze all β-lactams except aztreonam. Compared to VIM-2, NDM-1 displays tighter binding to most cephalosporins, in particular, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cephalothin (cefalotin), and also to the penicillins. NDM-1 does not bind to the carbapenems as tightly as IMP-1 or VIM-2 and turns over the carbapenems at a rate similar to that of VIM-2. In addition to <I>K. pneumoniae</I> 05-506, <I>bla</I>NDM-1 was found on a 140-kb plasmid in an <I>Escherichia coli</I> strain isolated from the patient's feces, inferring the possibility of in vivo conjugation. The broad resistance carried on these plasmids is a further worrying development for India, which already has high levels of antibiotic resistance.</P>
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A Critical Analysis of Buyer Authenticated Credit Card Payment Programs
Mustafa A. Ally,Mark Toleman 한국전자거래학회 2004 한국전자거래학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2004 No.-
Recently introduced by the major credit card associations as replacements for the decommissioned SET and 3DSET protocols, the new payment models, 3DSecure and UCAF/SPA, have been designed to provide online merchants with a solution to an existing problem in online credit card transactions - the lack of an effective and efficient means of authenticating cardholders. The expected benefits arising from this added level of security from the merchant's perspective are increased consumer confidence, significant reduction in the levels of fraud and chargebacks and "liability shift". Using data gleaned from preliminary interviews, discussion forums and promotional material, we present a critical analysis of the potential barriers and facilitators that will impact on the widespread traction of these programs in the marketplace in the coming years.
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