만성 복통

차한,Tchah, Hann 대한소아청소년과학회 2003 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.46 No.5

소아 결절성 십이지장염의 임상적 및 조직병리학적 소견

차한,팽성숙,Tchah, Hann,Paeng, Sung-Suk 대한소아소화기영양학회 2000 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.3 No.2

목 적: 결절성 십이지장염은 내시경 검사상 십이지장에 두 개 이상의 홍반성 결절들이 보이며 주변에 염증 소견이 관찰되는 질환이다. 최근 위내시경 검사의 발달로 인해 결절성 십이지장염은 소아에서도 발생빈도가 증가하는데 아직 국내외적으로 전반적인 연구가 미미한 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 소아에서 결절성 십이지장염의 임상적 및 조직병리학적 소견을 조사하여 이 질환에 대한 전반적인 이해를 도모하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 1995년 1월부터 1999년 12월까지 서울적십자병원 소아내시경실에서 시행된 상부위장관 내시경 검사상 결절성 십이지장염으로 진단된 39례를 대상으로 유병률, 성별 및 연령별 분포, 주증상, 내시경 소견과 조직병리학적 소견 및 이의 상관관계 등에 대해 후향적으로 연구를 실시하였다. 내시경 검사상 병변의 정도는 십이지장 결절의 크기와 분포에 따라 제 1, 2, 3 도로 분류하였고 십이지장의 조직병리학적 검사는 십이지장 고유층의 염증세포 침윤 정도, 상피세포 및 융모의 소실 정도에 따라 정상, 제 1, 2, 3 도로 분류하였다. 위의 조직학적 소견은 위점막의 고유판과 상피내에 염증세포의 침윤 정도 및 상피의 손상 정도에 따라 0에서 6까지 구분하였다. H. pylori의 감염 정도는 Prieto 등의 분류법에 따라 제 0, 1, 2, 3 도로 구분하였다. 십이지장에서 내시경적 소견의 정도와 조직병리학적 소견의 정도 및 H. pylori 감염 정도 간에 상관관계가 있는지 알아보기 위해 통계 프로그램으로 Graph PAD InStat의 linear regression module을 사용하여 correlation coefficient와 p-value를 구하였다. 결 과: 1) 결절성 십이지장염은 17.1%의 유병률을 나타내었고 남녀비는 1 대 2이었다. 7세부터 12세까지에서 가장 빈도(61.5%)가 높았고 주증상은 복통이 69.2%로 가장 많았다. 2) 본 질환의 내시경 등급은 제 1 도 45.7%, 제 2도 34.3%, 제 3 도 20.0%이었으며 동반된 내시경적 소견상 결절성 위염은 28.3%이었다. 3) 십이지장의 조직병리학적 검사상 제 1 도는 22.9%, 제 2 도는 54.3%, 제 3 도는 22.9%이었으며 위의 조직검사상 제 1 도는 22.9%, 제 2 도는 42.9%, 제 3 도는 25.7%, 제 4 도는 8.6%이었다. 4) 십이지장의 조직병리학적 검사상 H. pylori의 감염 정도는 제 1 도 5.7%, 제 2 도 8.6%, 제 3 도 22.9%로 37.1%의 십이지장 조직에서 H. pylori가 발견되었다. 위의 조직병리학적 검사상 H. pylori의 감염정도는 제 1 도 11.4%, 제 2 도 11.4%, 제 3 도 8.6%로 31.4%의 위 조직에서 H. pylori가 발견되었다. 5) 본 질환의 내시경적 등급과 조직병리학적 등급 간의 상관계수는 0.3983 (p=0.0178)이었고, 조직병리학적 등급과 십이지장 조직에서의 H. pylori 감염 등급간의 상관계수는 0.5154 (p=0.0018)이었다. 결 론: 결절성 십이지장염의 내시경적 등급과 조직병리학적 등급 사이에 통계적으로 의미있는 상관관계가 나타났으며(r=0.3983, p=0.0178), 또한 조직병리학적 등급과 십이지장 조직에서의 H. pylori 감염 등급간에도 통계적으로 의미있는 상관관계를보였다(r=0.5154, p=0.0018). 따라서 H. pylori 감염이 본 질환의 발생에 주요한 역할을 할 것으로 여겨지며 이외의 유발 원인에 대해서는 추후 지속적인 추적 관찰 및 보다 많은 연구가 시행되어야 하겠다. Purpose: Recently, a wide application of gastrofiberscopy in the pediatric group have revealed that nodular duodenitis is not an uncommon disease in children and is suspected to be associated with H. pylori infection. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical and histopathologic features in children with nodular duodenitis, and to assess the correlations beween both. Methods: During a period of 5 years (Jan. 1995~Dec. 1999), we investigated clinical, endoscopic and histopathologic features of 39 consecutive patients diagnosed as having nodular duodenitis at Pediatric department of Seoul Red Cross Hospital. In 35 children with nodular duodenitis endoscopic biopsy specimens were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Giemsa's stain, and were graded according to the criteria outlined by Triadafilopoulos, Whitehead et al., and Prieto et al.. Statistical analyses were performed with Graph PAD InStat. Results: The prevalence rate of nodular duodenitis was 17.1% and the most frequent chief complaint was abdominal pain (69.2%). Endoscopically grade 1 was the most common (45.7%) and nodular gastritis was coexistent in 28.3%. The most common histology of the duodenum was grade 2 (54.3%), and the most common histologic score of the stomach was 2 (42.9%). H. pylori was found in the duodenum in 37.1%, and in the stomach in 31.4%. The correlation coefficient between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis was 0.3983 (p=0.0178). And the correlation coefficient between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum was 0.5154 (p=0.0018). Conclusion: There was significant correlation between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis, and was also significant correlation between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum. Therfore H. pylori infection should be regarded as an etiologic factor of nodular duodenitis.

Clinical Manifestations of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adolescents: A Single-Center, Matched Case-Control Study

Ji Hyeon Roh,류일,Hann Tchah 대한소아소화기영양학회 2020 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.23 No.4

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in Korea children. Methods: The study was designed as a 1:2 matching case-control study. Using information from the endoscopic database of a tertiary center, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged 18 years or younger who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2014 and December 2017. A total of 21 patients were diagnosed with EoE based on current diagnostic criteria. In addition, 42 controls with normal esophageal biopsy findings matched to each EoE case by sex, age (±1 months), and season were randomly selected during the study period. Results: The mean age of EoE diagnosis was 12.1±4.0 years and the male-to-female ratio was 2:1. The proportion of allergic diseases in patients with EoE (28.6%) was higher than that in the controls (6.8%) (p=0.04). Most EoE patients tested for allergy were positive for at least one antigen, which was significantly different to the controls (88.2% vs. 47.4%, p=0.01). Characteristic endoscopic findings of EoE were noted in 19 patients (90.5%), but 2 patients (9.5%) showed normal esophageal mucosa. The clinical symptoms of EoE were improved by a proton-pump inhibitor in 10 patients (50.0%), and by an H2 blocker in 9 patients (45.0%). Only one patient (5.0%) required inhaled steroids. Conclusion: While EoE is rare in the Korean pediatric population, the results of this study will improve our understanding of the clinical manifestations of the disease.

Association between Minimal Change Esophagitis and Gastric Dysmotility: A Single-Center Electrogastrography and Endoscopy Study in Children

Lim, Kyung In,Shim, Sung Bo,Tchah, Hann,Ryoo, Eell The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2018 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.21 No.1

Purpose: Minimal change esophagitis (MCE) is a reflux disease without mucosal breaks, known to be partially associated with abnormal gastric motor function. Electrogastrography (EGG) is commonly applied to assess gastric motor function in a noninvasive fashion. We aimed to determine the relationship between MCE and gastric myoelectrical activity (GME) recorded on EGG in children. Methods: We retrospectively assessed the records of 157 children without underlying disease who underwent both EGG and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Gachon University Gil Medical Center between January 2010 and June 2015. The children were stratified according to the appearance of the esophagus (normal vs. MCE). Between-group differences in EGG parameters and their correlation with each MCE finding were statistically analyzed. Results: Only the power ratio, one of the EGG parameters analyzed, differed significantly between the two groups (MCE, $1.68{\pm}3.37$ vs. normal, $0.76{\pm}1.06$; p<0.05), whereas the other parameters, such as dominant frequency, dominant power, and the ratio of abnormal rhythm, showed no differences. Among children with MCE, significant correlations were noted between erythema and power ratio (p<0.05), friability and postprandial dominant frequency (p<0.05), and edema and/or accentuation of mucosal folds and pre-prandial frequency (p<0.05). Helicobacter pylori infection correlated with postprandial arrhythmia (MCE, $33.59{\pm}15.52$ vs. normal, $28.10{\pm}17.23$; p<0.05). EGG parameters did not differ between children with normal esophagus and those with biopsy-proven chronic esophagitis. Conclusion: In children with MCE, gastric dysmotility may affect the development of MCE, manifesting as EGG abnormalities. H. pylori infection may also affect GME. However, larger prospective investigations are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase and Urosepsis in Children with Acute Pyelonephritis

Kim, Dongwan,Lee, Sung Hyun,Tchah, Hann,Ryoo, Eell,Cho, Hye Kyung,Kim, Yun Mi The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2016 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.19 No.1

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and urosepsis in children with acute pyelonephritis (APN). Methods: We retrospectively identified all children who were managed in our hospital with APN during a decade period. In our study a diagnosis of APN was defined as having a positive urine culture and a positive (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. We compared those with elevated ALT and those with normal ALT according to the following variables: age, gender, duration of fever prior to admission, presence of hypotension, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, presence of anemia, white blood cells count, platelet count, blood culture result, and grades of vesicoureteral reflux. In addition, the correlation between elevated ALT and positive blood culture was analyzed in detail. Results: A total of 996 children were diagnosed with APN, of which 883 were included in the study. ALT was elevated in 81 children (9.2%). In the analysis of demographic characteristics, the number of children with elevated ALT was higher in children between 0 to 3 months, boys, and in those with positive blood culture (p=0.002, 0.036, and 0.010, respectively). In multivariate analysis of variables associated with positive blood culture, age younger than 3 months, elevated ALT, elevated CRP, and elevated creatinine showed statistical significance (p=0.004, 0.030, 0.043, and 0.044, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the association between elevated ALT and increased prevalence of urosepsis in addition to elevated CRP, elevated creatinine, and age younger than 3 months in children with APN.

11세 소아에서 아급성 괴사성 림프절염에 합병된 간염 1례

이경자,차한,팽성숙,Lee, Kyung-Ja,Tchah, Hann,Paeng, Sung-Suk 대한소아소화기영양학회 2000 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.3 No.2

아급성 괴사성 림프절염은 주로 젊은 여성에서 흔한 양성 질환으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 소아에서도 드물지 않게 보고가 있어 소아 불명열의 원인으로서 생각되어져야 한다. 아울러 전형적인 증상들 외에 간염이 동반될 수도 있는데 이 경우 예후는 양호하며 특이한 간조직 소견을 보이지는 않는다. 저자들은 아급성 괴사성 림프절염의 진단이 내려진 환아에서 합병된 간염을 경험하고 간조직검사를 시행하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis was first reported by Kikuchi and Fujimoto in 1972. Young females no more than 30 years of age are mainly affected. It usually manifests as fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. We experienced one case of subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis with hepatic complication in an 11-year-old boy. Symptoms presented were URI signs, diarrhea, headache, and weight loss along with fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. Elevated serum AST/ALT levels were also noted up to 682/1560 (IU/L) and were normalized within one month. We performed aspiration biopsy of the liver twice (at admission and 5 months thereafter). The hepatic histopathologic findings were nonspecific.

비외과적 소화기질환 환아들의 응급실 이용양상에 대한 전향적 조사연구

이경자,차한,Lee, Kyung-Ja,Tchah, Hann 대한소아소화기영양학회 2001 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.4 No.1

목 적: 응급실을 내원한 환아들에 대한 보고들 가운데 소화기질환 환아들의 응급실 이용양상에 대한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 소아과의사가 응급실에서도 흔히 보게 되는 비외과적 소화기질환 환아들의 응급실 이용양상에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 1월 1일부터 1999년 12월 31일까지 만 2년간 서울적십자병원 응급실에 내원한 (15세 미만의) 환아 중 비외과적 소화기질환 환아 1,228명을 대상으로 응급일지 및 병력일지를 근거로 하여 초진여부, 성, 연령, 계절, 질병종류, 내원시간, 체류시간, 입원율 등 응급실 이용에 관한 사항들을 전향적으로 관찰 조사하였다. 결 과: 1) 초진 환아는 60.7%이었고 1세에서 3세 사이의 환자가 30.7%로 가장 많았으며, 학동 전기인 6세 미만은 80.4%를 차지하였다. 남녀비는 1.3대 1이었다. 2) 월별 계절별로 비교적 고른 분포를 보이고 있으나 동절기와 하절기에 비교적 많았으며 내원시간은 오후 8시에서 자정까지가 35.9%로 가장 많았고 오전 4시에서 7시까지가 7.6%로 가장 적었다. 3) 체류시간은 30분에서 1시간 사이가 46.1%로 가장 많았으며 2시간 이내가 95%를 차지했는데 전체환아의 평균 체류시간은 0.86시간이었다. 4) 질환별 분포에서 급성 위장관염이 44.3%로 제일 많았고 분변폐색 및 변비 21.3%, 급성 위염16.4%, 장중첩증 4.6%, 영아 산통 4.3%, 장염 3.6%, 장폐색 1.1%, 장경련 0.6%, 장간막 림프절염 0.5%, 기능성 위장장애 0.4%, 궤양 0.2%의 순이었으며 위장관 출혈, 식중독, 식도염은 각각 0.1%이었고 특별히 진단명을 추정하지 못했던 경우는 2.4%이었다. 5) 주요 질환 5가지의 연령별 분포를 살펴볼 때 급성 위장관염과 급성 위염은 1~2세 사이에서 각각 37.7%와 26.4%로 가장 빈도가 높은 데 비해서 분변폐색 및 변비는 3~5세에서 33.2%로 빈도가 가장 높았으며, 장중첩증은 1세 미만에서 54.4%로 가장 빈도가 높았고 영아 산통은 1세 미만에서 83.0%이었다. 월별 분포에서는 급성 위장관염과 급성 위염이 동절기인 12월에 각각 12.7%와 17.9%로 가장 빈도가 높았으며 분변폐색 및 변비는 11월에 13.4%, 6월에 12.2%로 동절기와 하절기에 빈도가 높았고, 장중첩증은 5월에 24.6%로 가장 빈도가 높았으며 영아 산통은 비교적 고른 분포를 보였으나 7월과 9월에 동일하게 13.2%로 가장 빈도가 높았다. 시간별 분포에서는 5가지 주요 질환 모두 오후 8시에서 자정 사이에 가장 많았다. 6) 입원은 19.6%를 차지했으며 치료 후 귀가는 80.0%이었고 전원은 0.1%이었으며 사망은 한 명도 없었다. 결 론: 응급실에 내원한 비외과적 소화기질환 환아는 보호자에게나 담당 소아과 의사에게나 가볍게 여겨질 수 없는데 전체적인 분포는 이전의 연구에서와 큰 차이가 없었지만 각각의 질병에 따른 분포에는 차이가 있었다. Purpose: There have been few reports about common gastrointestinal diseases in children visiting emergency room. The aim of this study was to present basic data and their meanings about emergency room utilization in children with nonsurgical gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: The authors prospectively studied 1,228 consecutive children with gastrointestinal diseases, amongst 6,179 nonsurgical pediatric patients who visited the emergency room of Seoul Red Cross Hospital from Jan. 1st 1998 to Dec. 31st 1999. Results: 1) First visit was 60.7% of total visits and 30.7% were between 1 and 3 years of age while 80.4% were below 6 years of age. Male patients were predominant by a ratio of 1.3:1. 2) The peak month of visits was December (12.1%), and the peak time of visits was between 8:00 pm and midnight (35.9%). Average length of stay at emergency room of the total patients were 0.86 hour. 3) Five major diseases were acute gastroenteritis (44.3%), fecal impaction &/or constipation (21.3%), acute gastritis (16.4%), intussusception (4.6%), and infantile colic (4.3%) in order. 4) 19.6% of the total patients were hospitalized. Conclusion: There were differences in various distributions regarding each nonsurgical gastrointestinal disease entity in children visiting emergency room even though distributions of the total patients in our study were not so different from those in previous reports by others.

간장 및 담도 : 영아기 간성 ( 肝性 ) 구루병

서정기(Jeong Kee Seo),차한(Hann Tchah),윤경애(Kyung Aeh Yoon) 대한소화기학회 1990 대한소화기학회지 Vol.22 No.1

N/A Twenty five infants who were diagnosed as hepatic rickets at Seoul National University Children's Hospital were evaluated on clinical, biochemical and radiological aspects. Underlying hepatobiliary diseases were neonatal hepatitis (19), extrahepatic biliary atresia (4), choledochal cyst with congenital hepatic fibrosis (1), and Alagille syndrome (1). The average age at discovery of rickets was 4.5 months. Hepatomegaly was observed in all cases; splenomegaly, in 15; growth retardation, in 9; rachitic rosary, in 9; fracture, in 5; craniotabes, in 2; and hypocalcemic seizure, in one. Radiologically mild and moderate rickets were 12 and 13 cases respectively, and in these two groups there were significant differences of serum calcium concentrations and calcium x inorganic phosphorus products. Only fifteen cases were followed in which twelve were healed by treatment; two had no radiological change; and one case of extrahepatic biliary atresia died of sepsis 4 months after discovery of rickets. The average length required for radiological healing was 4.8 (2.5~6) months; that required for attaining serum alkaline phosphatase below 500 IU/l, 3.0 (0.5~5.5) months. The differences of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase between pre-and post-treatment were significant in all of the healed cases.

Early onset of colorectal cancer in a 13-year-old girl with Lynch syndrome

Ahn, Do Hee,Rho, Jung Hee,Tchah, Hann,Jeon, In-Sang The Korean Pediatric Society 2016 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.59 No.1

Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited colon cancer syndrome. Patients with Lynch syndrome develop a range of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and carry a mutation on one of the mismatched repair (MMR) genes. Although CRC usually occurs after the fourth decade in patients with Lynch syndrome harboring a heterozygous MMR gene mutation, it can occur in children with Lynch syndrome who have a compound heterozygous or homozygous MMR gene mutation. We report a case of CRC in a 13-year-old patient with Lynch syndrome and congenital heart disease. This patient had a heterozygous mutation in MLH1 (an MMR gene), but no compound MMR gene defects, and a K-RAS somatic mutation in the cancer cells.

Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Prolonged Macrolide, Corticosteroid, Doxycycline, and Levofloxacin against Macrolide-Unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children

하석균,오경진,고광필,선용한,류일,Hann Tchah,전인상,김효정,안정민,조혜경 대한의학회 2018 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.33 No.43

Background: We aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of prolonged macrolide (PMC), corticosteroids (CST), doxycycline (DXC), and levofloxacin (LFX) against macrolide- unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia in children and to evaluate the safety of the secondary treatment agents. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with MP pneumonia hospitalized between January 2015 and April 2017. Macrolide-unresponsiveness was clinically defined with a persistent fever of ≥ 38.0°C at ≥ 72 hours after macrolide treatment. The cases were divided into four groups: PMC, CST, DXC, and LFX. We compared the time to defervescence (TTD) after secondary treatment and the TTD after initial macrolide treatment in each group with adjustment using propensity score-matching analysis. Results: Among 1,165 cases of MP pneumonia, 190 (16.3%) were unresponsive to macrolides. The proportion of patients who achieved defervescence within 48 hours in CST, DXC, and LFX groups were 96.9% (31/33), 85.7% (12/14), and 83.3% (5/6), respectively. The TTD after initial macrolide treatment did not differ between PMC and CST groups (5.1 vs. 4.2 days, P = 0.085), PMC and DXC groups (4.9 vs. 5.7 days, P = 0.453), and PMC and LFX groups (4.4 vs. 5.0 days, P = 0.283). No side effects were observed in the CST, DXC, and LFX groups. Conclusion: The change to secondary treatment did not show better efficacy compared to PMC in children with macrolide-unresponsive MP pneumonia. Further studies are needed to guide appropriate treatment in children with MP pneumonia.