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Applying insect transgenic technology: Scientific and regulatory experiences
Thomas A. MILLER 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.2
Biotechnology affords opportunities to develop new tools to treat pest and disease problems. When a given pest or disease problem has no satisfactory cure or treatment, usually only a technological breakthrough can provide one, but the process whereby this happens can be undefined and unpredictable. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict which methods will work at the outset, meaning that it is also difficult for funding agencies to determine which proposals to support. When a proposed solution is new and may involve genetic manipulation, it may also be hard for the public, as represented by regulatory agencies, to accept. In addition, when the application market is small, funding is modest. When the problem is major but periodic, as in the case of migratory locusts, funding, interest and attention cannot be easily found, focused or sustained. It is only when a problem is severe and economically compelling, such as Pierce's Disease of grapevine in southern California, that it is possible to concentrate funding, attention and sustained interest long enough to have a chance of finding a lasting solution.
Pest and disease challenges and insect biotechnology solutions
Thomas A. MILLER 한국곤충학회 2008 Entomological Research Vol.38 No.1
Advances in microbiology and molecular genetics have led to renewed interest in microbial and host interactions, especially mutualism and symbiosis. More genome sequences are being reported every year; indeed, we are awash in information on an unprecedented scale. However, despite the greater amount of genomic information, we still have difficulty resolving species boundaries, and we still have much to learn about pathogen, vector and host interactions. Biotechnology approaches offer the promise of new tools for pest and disease control.
Advances in insect biotechnology for human welfare
Thomas A. MILLER 한국곤충학회 2008 Entomological Research Vol.38 No.-
Biotechnology is the latest scientific breakthrough in the history of agriculture. Yet despite the promise of developing new tools for pest and disease control, transgenic organisms have encountered a mixed reception by the lay and scientific public alike. Yields are unable to keep pace with rising costs resulting in a decline in traditional farming. Switching to a new organic growing paradigm is occurring in Korea and the United States today. These new approaches ignore traditional tools that were responsible for the increased yields that support the current affluence and allowed us to protect crops while buying time to find more ecologically-friendly methods. The perception that we understand crop diseases and pests is false and those making this assumption risk destabilizing global food production. There are new pests and diseases that are very difficult to control without these traditional non-organic methods. Invasive species continue to arrive at high rates adding to the burden of farming. Global climate change is already causing changes in the pest and disease complexes and is forcing the entomologist and plant pathologist to make drastic changes to adjust to them.
Display station anthropometrics: Preferred height and angle settings of CRT and keyboard
Miller, Win,Suther Ill, Thomas-W. The Ergonomics Society of Korea 1986 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.5 No.2
This study investigates display station physical adjustments preferred by a sample of visual display terminal operators. Participants in the study were selected to assure representation of extremely short and extremely tall persons, as well as persons of midrange physical stature. Individual operators were led through a step-by-step sequence to determine their preferred initial settings of seat height, keyboard height and slope angle, and CRT height and tilt angle. Each operator then performed a brief text input tase, after which final preferred adjustments were measured. Intermeasure correlation strongly suggest that "flat" (low slope angle) keyboards are in appropriate for short operators who select low seat heights. In addition, the keyboard angle adjustments preferred by most operators substantially exceed a current German ergonomic display station requirement.
Chan Miller, Christopher,Jacob, Daniel J.,Marais, Eloise A.,Yu, Karen,Travis, Katherine R.,Kim, Patrick S.,Fisher, Jenny A.,Zhu, Lei,Wolfe, Glenn M.,Hanisco, Thomas F.,Keutsch, Frank N.,Kaiser, Jennif Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.17 No.14
<P>Abstract. Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is produced in the atmosphere by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Like formaldehyde (HCHO), another VOC oxidation product, it is measurable from space by solar backscatter. Isoprene emitted by vegetation is the dominant source of CHOCHO and HCHO in most of the world. We use aircraft observations of CHOCHO and HCHO from the SENEX campaign over the southeast US in summer 2013 to better understand the CHOCHO time-dependent yield from isoprene oxidation, its dependence on nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2), the behavior of the CHOCHO-HCHO relationship, the quality of OMI CHOCHO satellite observations, and the implications for using CHOCHO observations from space as constraints on isoprene emissions. We simulate the SENEX and OMI observations with the Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) featuring a new chemical mechanism for CHOCHO formation from isoprene. The mechanism includes prompt CHOCHO formation under low-NOx conditions following the isomerization of the isoprene peroxy radical (ISOPO2). The SENEX observations provide support for this prompt CHOCHO formation pathway, and are generally consistent with the GEOS-Chem mechanism. Boundary layer CHOCHO and HCHO are strongly correlated in the observations and the model, with some departure under low-NOx conditions due to prompt CHOCHO formation. SENEX vertical profiles indicate a free-tropospheric CHOCHO background that is absent from the model. The OMI CHOCHO data provide some support for this free-tropospheric background and show southeast US enhancements consistent with the isoprene source but a factor of 2 too low. Part of this OMI bias is due to excessive surface reflectivities assumed in the retrieval. The OMI CHOCHO and HCHO seasonal data over the southeast US are tightly correlated and provide redundant proxies of isoprene emissions. Higher temporal resolution in future geostationary satellite observations may enable detection of the prompt CHOCHO production under low-NOx conditions apparent in the SENEX data. </P>
Meeting Report: Translational Advances in Cancer Prevention Agent Development Meeting
Mark Steven Miller,Peter J. Allen,Powel H. Brown,Andrew T. Chan,Margie L. Clapper,Roderick H. Dashwood,Shadmehr Demehri,Mary L. Disis,Raymond N. DuBois,Robert J. Glynn,Thomas W. Kensler,Seema A. Khan 대한암예방학회 2021 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.26 No.1
The Division of Cancer Prevention of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Office of Disease Prevention of the National Institutes of Health co-sponsored the Translational Advances in Cancer Prevention Agent Development Meeting on August 27 to 28, 2020. The goals of this meeting were to foster the exchange of ideas and stimulate new collaborative interactions among leading cancer prevention researchers from basic and clinical research; highlight new and emerging trends in immunoprevention and chemoprevention as well as new information from clinical trials; and provide information to the extramural research community on the significant resources available from the NCI to promote prevention agent development and rapid translation to clinical trials. The meeting included two plenary talks and five sessions covering the range from pre-clinical studies with chemo/immunopreventive agents to ongoing cancer prevention clinical trials. In addition, two NCI informational sessions describing contract resources for the preclinical agent development and cooperative grants for the Cancer Prevention Clinical Trials Network were also presented.
Short-term cyclic performance of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints
Gupta, Rakesh,Miller, Thomas H.,Freilinger, Shawn M. Wicks Techno-Press 2004 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.17 No.5
The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of metal-plate-connected truss joints subjected to cyclic loading conditions that simulated seismic events in the lives of the joints. We also investigated the duration of load factor for these joints. We tested tension splice joints and heel joints from a standard 9.2-m Fink truss constructed from $38-{\times}89-mm$ Douglas-fir lumber: 10 tension splice joints for static condition and for each of 6 cyclic loading conditions (70 joints total) and 10 heel joints for static condition and for each of 3 cyclic loading conditions (40 joints total). We evaluated results by comparing the strengths of the control group (static) with those of the cyclic loading groups. None of the cyclic loading conditions showed any strength degradation; however, there was significant stiffness degradation for both types of joint. The results of this research show that the current duration of load factor of 1.6 for earthquake loading is adequate for these joints.