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        An Investigation of Electromagnetic Radiated Emission and Interference From Multi-Coil Wireless Power Transfer Systems Using Resonant Magnetic Field Coupling

        Sunkyu Kong,Bumhee Bae,Jung, Daniel H.,Kim, Jonghoon J.,Sukjin Kim,Chiuk Song,Jonghoon Kim,Joungho Kim Professional Technical Group on Microwace Theory a 2015 IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniqu Vol. No.

        <P>Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has recently emerged as an innovative and promising technology, and its electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become a significant issue. In this study, we investigated the electromagnetic (EM) radiated emission and interference generated by WPT systems using resonant magnetic field coupling, especially in applications with multi-coil configurations. The change in coil resonance associated with multi-coil configurations was analyzed via the impedance profile. We measured the EM radiated emission and analyzed the results with respect to the coil resonance. An analog-to-digital converter chip was designed and fabricated to analyze the effect of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Based on measurement and simulation results, we verified that the EM radiated emission and interference increase at the series or parallel resonance peaks, depending on the source type. In addition, we verified that EMI can be reduced by using ferrite sheet shielding.</P>

      • Coil Design and Shielding Methods for a Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

        Jiseong Kim,Jonghoon Kim,Sunkyu Kong,Hongseok Kim,In-Soo Suh,Nam Pyo Suh,Dong-Ho Cho,Joungho Kim,Seungyoung Ahn IEEE 2013 Proceedings of the IEEE Vol.101 No.6

        <P>In this paper, we introduce the basic principles of wireless power transfer using magnetic field resonance and describe techniques for the design of a resonant magnetic coil, the formation of a magnetic field distribution, and electromagnetic field (EMF) noise suppression methods. The experimental results of wireless power transfer systems in consumer electronics applications are discussed in terms of issues related to their efficiency and EMF noise. Furthermore, we present a passive shielding method and a magnetic field cancellation method using a reactive resonant current loop and the utilization of these methods in an online electric vehicle (OLEV) system, in which an OLEV green transportation bus system absorbs wireless power from power cables underneath the road surface with only a minimal battery capacity.</P>

      • SCISCIESCOPUS

        Noise Coupling Effects on CMOS Analog-to-Digital Converter in Magnetic Field Wireless Power Transfer System Using Chip-PCB Comodeling and Simulation

        Bumhee Bae,Kim, Jonghoon J.,Sukjin Kim,Sunkyu Kong,Joungho Kim [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2015 IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility Vol.57 No.3

        <P>Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is becoming of utmost importance in an automotive environment. With the increased number of magnetic field sources near the ADC that can alter its behaviors significantly, we need to model how magnetic field affects the performance of the ADC. Therefore, in order to accurately evaluate the practical performance of the ADC and the considerable off-chip and on-chip effects that are highly complex, the chip-printed circuit board (PCB) comodeling, cosimulation, and coanalysis are required. In this study, a comodel of the magnetic field effects on an ADC is proposed. The proposed comodel includes three separate submodels: a model of the magnetic field coupling from the wireless power transfer (WPT) system input to the PCB integrated with ADC, a model of the noise coupling from the PCB to the ADC input, and a model of the ADC behavior from the ADC input to the ADC outputs. Considering the magnetic field coupling from the magnetic field source to the PCB, a new inductive transmission line model (I-TLM) method is developed. This method achieves fast, precise, and broadband estimation of the magnetic field effects in comparison to previous estimation methods. To validate the proposed comodel, an ADC is fabricated using a 0.13-μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor process and is wire-bonded to the designed PCB for ADC. A PCB-level WPT system is designed and built as the magnetic field source. The performance factor of the ADC is measured by sweeping the WPT system input frequency from 100 kHz to 1 GHz to find out the critical WPT system frequency for the designed ADC with the chip-PCB hierarchical structure. The results estimated by the proposed model correlate well with the full 3-D electromagnetic field simulation and measurement. The proposed modeling procedure reduces the time and computation resource in the design of the chip, package, and PCB to achieve high-quality analog devices or mixed-mode systems, while also providing an intuitive understanding of the radiated noise effect.</P>

      • SCISCIESCOPUS

        Low EMF and EMI Design of a Tightly Coupled Handheld Resonant Magnetic Field (HH-RMF) Charger for Automotive Battery Charging

        Song, Chiuk,Kim, Hongseok,Jung, Daniel H.,Kim, Jonghoon J.,Kong, Sunkyu,Kim, Jiseong,Ahn, Seungyoung,Kim, Jonghoon,Kim, Joungho [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2016 IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility Vol.58 No.4

        <P>Wireless power transfer ( WPT) technology is an electrically safe and convenient method of charging batteries. WPT technology allows elimination of exposed contacts, which can cause direct electrocution of human. In spite of the great advantages, the WPT system inevitably generates strong electromagnetic fields ( EMFs), causing interference on the nearby electrical devices as well as harmful influence on human health. Therefore, it is important to satisfy EMF guidelines and reduce leakage magnetic field harmonics in WPT system. For the first time, in this paper, we propose a new tightly coupled handheld resonant magnetic field ( HH-RMF) charger operating at 20 kHz with low EMF and high efficiency. Using a guided magnetic flux in resonance structure, 64.5 mG of EMF is reduced compared to the conventional inductive charger at a distance of 200 mm from edge of the core. In addition to the electromagnetic interference ( EMI) reduction, the isolation inductor scheme is proposed as an EMI reduction method. Through a series of measurements, we experimentally verified that the proposed HH-RMF charger complies with the regulations published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection in 1998. The proposed HH-RMF charger with the isolation inductor scheme successfully reduces the third harmonic of the Tx and Rx currents by 23.4 and 11.8 dB mu A, respectively. Furthermore, the third and fifth magnetic field harmonics reduce by 1.38 and 0.67 mG, respectively. The coil-to-coil power transfer efficiency and total system power transfer efficiency of the proposed structure are maintained at over 98% and 84%, respectively.</P>

      • High-Efficiency PCB- and Package-Level Wireless Power Transfer Interconnection Scheme Using Magnetic Field Resonance Coupling

        Sukjin Kim,Jung, Daniel H.,Kim, Jonghoon J.,Bumhee Bae,Sunkyu Kong,Seungyoung Ahn,Jonghoon Kim,Joungho Kim IEEE 2015 IEEE transactions on components, packaging, and ma Vol.5 No.7

        <P>As technology develops, the number of chips increases while the thickness of mobile products continuously decreases, which leads to the need for high-density packaging techniques with high numbers of power and signal lines. By applying wireless power transfer technology at the printed circuit board (PCB) and package levels, the number of power pins can be greatly reduced to produce more space for signal pins and other components in the system. For the first time, in this paper, we propose and demonstrate a high-efficiency PCB- and package-level wireless power transfer interconnection scheme. We enhance the efficiency by applying magnetic field resonance coupling using a matching capacitor. The proposed scheme can replace a high number of power interconnections with rectangular spiral coils to wirelessly transfer power from the source to the receiver at the PCB and package levels. The equivalent circuit model is suggested with analytic equations, which is then analyzed to optimize the test vehicle design. For the experimental verification of the suggested model, the $Z$ -parameter results obtained from the model-based equation and measurement of the designed and fabricated test vehicles are compared at up to 1 GHz. The power transfer efficiency from the source coil to the receiver coil in this scheme is able to reach 85.6%. Finally, we designed and fabricated a CMOS full-bridge rectifier and mounted it on the receiver board to convert the transferred voltage from ac voltage to dc voltage. A measured dc voltage of 2.0 V is sufficient to operate the circuit, which generally consists of 1.5 V devices.</P>

      • SCISCIESCOPUS

        Thin Hybrid Metamaterial Slab With Negative and Zero Permeability for High Efficiency and Low Electromagnetic Field in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

        Cho, Yeonje,Lee, Seongsoo,Kim, Dong-Hyun,Kim, Hongseok,Song, Chiuk,Kong, Sunkyu,Park, Junyong,Seo, Chulhun,Kim, Joungho [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2018 IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility Vol.60 No.4

        <P>Current wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have limited charging distance and high induced electromagnetic field (EMF) leakage. Thus, we first proposed a thin printed circuit board (PCB) type hybrid metamaterial slab (HMS) combining two kinds of metamaterial cell structures. The metamaterial cells in the center area of the HMS have zero relative permeability and straighten the magnetic field direction. The metamaterial cells located at the edges of the HMS have negative relative permeability and change the outgoing magnetic fields to opposite direction by magnetic boundary condition. Therefore, the magnetic field can be more confined between transmitter and receiver coils, enhancing the power transfer efficiency, while decreasing the EMF leakage in a WPT system. In this paper, we demonstrated that increased power transfer efficiency from 34.5% to 41.7% and reduced EMF leakage from -19.21 to -26.03 dBm in 6.78-MHz WPT system. Furthermore, we proposed new analysis method for relative permeability measurement of the metamaterial using a novel cubic structure with perfect electrical conductor and perfect magnetic conductor boundary.</P>

      • Chip-Level Simultaneous Switching Current Measurement in Power Distribution Network Using Magnetically Coupled Embedded Current Probing Structure

        Kim, Jonghoon J.,Changhyun Cho,Bumhee Bae,Sukjin Kim,Sunkyu Kong,Heegon Kim,Jung, Daniel H.,Jiseong Kim,Joungho Kim IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on components, packaging, and ma Vol.4 No.12

        <P>A simultaneous switching current (SSC) drawn by an integrated circuit (IC) creates simultaneous switching noise on power nets, which in turn causes jitters in the I/O signals and reduces the maximum clock frequency. For a thorough analysis of high-speed ICs, there is a dire need to measure currents at specific power pins of the ICs. In this paper, a novel magnetically coupled embedded current probing structure is proposed for measuring the SSC on the chip level resulting from the logical activity of the I/O buffers. SSCs are found by capturing the magnetic flux induced by the SSC of interest, with the proposed embedded current probing structure using magnetic coupling, and then reconstructing the original current waveform using the transfer impedance profile. Through a series of measurements with test vehicles fabricated on the chip level, we experimentally verified the proposed probing structures in the time and frequency domains and proved that they can effectively measure the SSC. Finally, future directions for improvements are discussed at the end of this paper.</P>

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