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장수찬 ( Suchan Chang ),김희영 ( Hee Young Kim ),양재하 ( Chae Ha Yang ) 대구한의대학교 제한동의학술원 2016 제한동의학술원논문집 Vol.14 No.1
OBJECTIVES : Acupuncture is a component of complex therapeutic and health care system of China that has been used for more than 2500 years. Although there are many hypothesis and experimental researches concerning acupuncture effects, the solid mechanisms underlying acupuncture effects remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to review the literatures and reports related with various scientific theories about the acupuncture mechanism. And we hope that this review will contribute to an understanding of the acupuncture mechanisms. METHODS : We reviewedresearch articles in electronic databases such as RISS and Pubmed about the mechanism of acupuncture. RESULTS and CONCLUSION : This review summarized the following theories; (1) traditional acupuncture theory (Qi and meridian), (2) peripheral nerve theory, (3) connective tissue theory, and (4) Bong-Han theory (now called as Primo theory). Although their theories are supported by experimental evidence, there are many controversies and limitations to explain acupuncture effects fully.
Neuropeptides SP and CGRP Underlie the Electrical Properties of Acupoints
Fan, Yu,Kim, Do-Hee,Ryu, Yeonhee,Chang, Suchan,Lee, Bong Hyo,Yang, Chae Ha,Kim, Hee Young Frontiers Media S.A. 2018 Frontiers in neuroscience Vol.12 No.-
<P>Electrical skin measurements at acupuncture points (acupoints) have been utilized as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for more than 50 years. Although acupoints are described as having distinct electrical properties, such as high conductance and low impedance, the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. The present study investigated in a rat model of hypertension whether the high conductance at acupoints is a result of the release of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) during neurogenic inflammation in the referred pain area. When plasma extravasation from neurogenic inflammation was examined by exploring the leakage of intravenously injected Evans blue dye (EBD) to the skin, extravasated EBD was found most frequently in acupoints on the wrist. The increased conductance and temperature at these acupoints occurred during the development of hypertension. The increase in conductance and plasma extravasation at acupoints in hypertensive rats was ablated by cutting median and ulnar nerves, blocking small diameter afferent fibers with resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection into median and ulnar nerves, or antagonizing SP or CGRP receptors in acupoints. In turn, intradermal injection of SP or CGRP resulted in increased conductance and plasma extravasation in naïve rats. Elevated levels of SP and CGRP were found in the acupoints of hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that the high conductance at acupoints is due to vascular leakage following local release of SP and CGRP during neurogenic inflammation.</P>
혐오적 상황에 따른 쥐의 초음파 발성에 관한 문헌적 고찰
김다혜 ( Da Hye Kim ),장수찬 ( Suchan Chang ),이봉효 ( Bong-hyo Lee ),김희영 ( Hee Young Kim ) 대구한의대학교 제한동의학술원 2016 東西醫學 Vol.41 No.3
Objectives:Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may present the emotional states in rats. Especially, 22kHz USVs have been elicited in negative emotion and aversive state. In this paper reviews previous studies concerned about the correlation between 22kHz Ultrasonic vocalization and various aversive states. Methods:We searched several previous literatures, research and review articles including keywords of ‘ultrasonic vocalization’ , ‘drug’ , ‘withdrawal’ or ‘pain’ in Pubmed and reviewed. Results and Conclusions: 1. In the 8 papers reviewed in this paper, recognized experimental rat produced 22-kHz USV calls in the followed 3 different aversive condition. 2. Rats produced 22-kHz USV calls in the withdrawal of drug, fear conditioning and chronic pain. The 22-kHz USV calls divided two different patterns which short and long 22-kHz USVs in the withdrawal of drug. Moreover rats appeared 22-kHz USV calls with the anxiety and depressive like behavior in the aversive condition.
Cong Zhan,Han Byeol Jang,DanBi Ahn,Suchan Chang,Yeonhee Ryu,Hyung Kyu Kim,Bong Hyo Lee,Xiaowei Guan,Yu Fan,Bae Hwan Lee,Hee Young Kim 한국한의학연구원 2024 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.13 No.1
Background: Our previous studies proved that neurogenic inflammatory spots (or neurogenic spots) have the same physiological features as acupuncture points and that neurogenic spot stimulation generates therapeutic effects in various animal models. However, it is unclear how deeply the neurogenic spots should be stimulated to generate therapeutic effects. Methods: The effects of acupuncture at various needle depths below the neurogenic spot were examined in a rat immobilization stress-induced hypertension (IMH) model. Electroacupuncture was applied to a neurogenic spot at depths of 1, 2, or 3 mm using a concentric bipolar electrode. Results: Electrical stimulation of the neurogenic spot at a 3-mm depth most effectively lowered blood pressure compared with controls and stimulation at 1- and 2-mm depths, which was inhibited by pretreatment with a local anesthetic lidocaine. Electrical stimulation of the neurogenic spot or injection of substance P (SP) at a 3-mm depth significantly excited the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) compared with superficial stimulation. Electrical stimulation applied at a 3-mm depth on neurogenic spots dominantly caused c-fos expression from rVLM and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in IMH rats. Pretreatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection into the neurogenic spot to ablate SP or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) prevented the effects of 3-mm neurogenic spot stimulation on blood pressure in IMH rats. Conversely, artificial injection of SP or CGRP generated anti-hypertensive effects in IMH rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that neurogenic spot stimulation at a 3-mm depth generated anti-hypertensive effects through the local release of SP and CGRP and activation of rVLM and vlPAG. Background: Our previous studies proved that neurogenic inflammatory spots (or neurogenic spots) have the same physiological features as acupuncture points and that neurogenic spot stimulation generates therapeutic effects in various animal models. However, it is unclear how deeply the neurogenic spots should be stimulated to generate therapeutic effects. Methods: The effects of acupuncture at various needle depths below the neurogenic spot were examined in a rat immobilization stress-induced hypertension (IMH) model. Electroacupuncture was applied to a neurogenic spot at depths of 1, 2, or 3 mm using a concentric bipolar electrode. Results: Electrical stimulation of the neurogenic spot at a 3-mm depth most effectively lowered blood pressure compared with controls and stimulation at 1- and 2-mm depths, which was inhibited by pretreatment with a local anesthetic lidocaine. Electrical stimulation of the neurogenic spot or injection of substance P (SP) at a 3-mm depth significantly excited the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) compared with superficial stimulation. Electrical stimulation applied at a 3-mm depth on neurogenic spots dominantly caused c-fos expression from rVLM and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in IMH rats. Pretreatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection into the neurogenic spot to ablate SP or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) prevented the effects of 3-mm neurogenic spot stimulation on blood pressure in IMH rats. Conversely, artificial injection of SP or CGRP generated anti-hypertensive effects in IMH rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that neurogenic spot stimulation at a 3-mm depth generated anti-hypertensive effects through the local release of SP and CGRP and activation of rVLM and vlPAG.
Acupuncture inhibits liver injury induced by morphine plus acetaminophen through antioxidant system
Lee, Young Joon,Zhao, Rong Jie,Kim, Young Woo,Kang, Su Jin,Lee, Eun Kyung,Kim, Nam Jun,Chang, Suchan,Kim, Jin Mook,Lee, Ji Eun,Ku, Sae Kwang,Lee, Bong Hyo Elsevier 2016 European journal of integrative medicine Vol.8 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Introduction</B></P> <P>Morphine (MP) and acetaminophen (APAP), widely used-pain relievers and antipyretics, are known to induce hepatotoxicity. Acupuncture, a traditional therapy in Asia, is used for various reasons including detoxification. This study aimed to examine whether acupuncture exerts protective effects against MP+APAP-induced hepatic damage.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Male Sprague-Dawley rats received chronic MP, withdrawal, and APAP. Thereafter, blood and liver were taken. Acupuncture was performed once daily. Asparte aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured, and percentages of abnormally decreased-hepatocyte regions, mean liver cell counts, and mean inflammatory cell numbers infiltrated on hepatic parenchyma were examined. In addition, antioxidant effects were evaluated based on liver lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities with the number of immunopositive hepatocytes against nitrotyrosine (NT) as a marker of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) related-oxidative stresses and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) as a marker of lipid peroxidation.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Significant elevations of AST and ALT were noted of MP or APAP. They also induced an increase in MDA contents as well as decreases in GSH levels and activities of SOD and CAT activity. A centrolobular decrease in hepatocytes along with degenerative changes of hepatocytes were also observed, and increases of NT and 4HNE immunoreactive hepatocytes were shown. These hepatocellular damages were more severe with the combination of MP+APAP. However, these MP+APAP-induced hepatic damages were significantly inhibited by acupuncture.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>This study suggests that acupuncture may have a protective effect against the MP+APAP-induced hepatic damage through the amelioration of antioxidant defense systems.</P>
Jin, Wyju,Kim, Min Sun,Jang, Eun Young,Lee, Jun Yeon,Lee, Jin Gyeom,Kim, Hong Yu,Yoon, Seong Shoon,Lee, Bong Hyo,Chang, Suchan,Kim, Jae Hyo,Choi, Kwang H.,Koo, Ho,Gwak, Young Seob,Steffensen, Scott C. Wiley (Blackwell Publishing) 2018 Addiction Biology Vol.23 No.1
<P>There is growing public interest in alternative approaches to addiction treatment and scientific interest in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of acupuncture. Our previous studies showed that acupuncture at a specific Shenmen (HT7) points reduced dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) induced by drugs of abuse. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of HT7 acupuncture on.-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Using microdialysis and in vivo single-unit electrophysiology, we evaluated the effects of HT7 acupuncture on VTA GABA and NAc DA release and VTA GABA neuronal activity in rats. Using a within-session reinstatement paradigm in rats self-administering cocaine, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation on cocaine-primed reinstatement. Acupuncture at HT7 significantly reduced cocaine suppression of GABA release and GABA neuron firing rates in the VTA. HT7 acupuncture attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement, which was blocked by VTA infusions of the selective GABA(B) receptor antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen. HT7 stimulation significantly decreased acute cocaine-induced DA release in the NAc, which was also blocked by 2-hydroxysaclofen. HT7 acupuncture also attenuated cocaine-induced sensitization of extracellular DA levels in the NAc. Moreover, HT7 acupuncture reduced both locomotor activity and neuronal activation in the NAc induced by acute cocaine in a needle-penetration depth-dependent fashion. These results suggest that acupuncturemay suppress cocaine-induced DA release in the NAc and cocaine-seeking behavior through activation of VTA GABA neurons. Acupuncture may be an effective therapy to reduce cocaine relapse by enhancing GABAergic inhibition in the VTA.</P>