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Evaluation of relaxation spectra of linear, short, and long-chain branched polyethylenes
Stadler, Florian J.,Mahmoudi, Tahmineh 한국유변학회 2013 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.25 No.1
The frequency dependent rheological data of several different linear, short- and long-chain branched metallocene catalyzed polyethylenes are assessed with respect to the relaxation spectra. For linear mLLDPEs with $M_w/M_n{\approx}2$, a "master spectrum" is established by normalizing on the molar mass. For samples with a distinctly different molar mass distribution, deviations from the "master spectrum" can be observed. It is also demonstrated how the long-chain branches in polyethylenes of different structure influence the spectrum. Depending on the length of branches in long chain branched materials, it is shown that an increasing in the degree of long-chain branching can be clearly observed in the slow relaxation modes, while the fast ones are only affected by high degrees of long-chain branching.
Using relaxation spectra to understand molecular processes in ring polymers
Stadler, Florian J. 한국유변학회 2012 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.24 No.3
Rheological characterization of polymeric systems can be used to investigate molecular processes. Some processes, such as entanglement and reptation, cannot be easily seen in the complex modulus or other conventional representations of rheological data. Instead, presenting data as relaxation spectra enhances the understanding of such processes. This will be shown on the example of ring and linear polystyrene polymers and ring/linear-blends, recently published by Kapnistos et al. (Nature Materials, 2008).
What are typical sources of error in rotational rheometry of polymer melts?
Stadler, Florian J. 한국유변학회 2014 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.26 No.3
Rheometers have made giant leaps in terms of usability, sensitivity, and versatility. This leads to the illusion that a rheometer can be used as a fool-proof device for measuring rheological properties. The article will focus on typical problems that are encountered in rheological practice when measuring polymer melts. Emphasis is put on problems related to measurement artefacts stemming from the rheometer as well as from the material itself. Furthermore, possibilities to eliminate rheometer related artefacts mostly related to the following phenomena - geometry inertia, thermal expansion, torque resolution, and environmental control - will be discussed. The sample related artefacts vary significantly from sample to sample and include: thermal degradation, nonlinear shear deformation, centrifugal forces, slip and shear banding, as well as miscibility, orientation, and distribution of different phases, of which only the ones occurring in homogeneous polymer melts are discussed here.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Ethylene-<i>graft</i>-Ethylene/Propylene Copolymers
Stadler, Florian J.,Arikan-Conley, Burç,ak,Kaschta, Joachim,Kaminsky, Walter,Mü,nstedt, Helmut American Chemical Society 2011 Macromolecules Vol.44 No.12
<P>A sequential metallocene-catalyzed synthesis of ethylene/propylene macromers, which are subsequently incorporated into growing polyethylene chains, leads to comb-like polymers. After the synthesis, a Soxhlet extraction ensures the purity of the sample. The GPC-MALLS analysis reveals narrowly distributed samples with a non-negligible degree of branching. The comb polymers show a very high viscosity, which significantly differs from conventional long-chain branched metallocene polyethylenes (LCB-mPE) but is in agreement with findings on comb model polymers. The zero shear rate viscosity η<SUB>0</SUB> lies significantly above the relation between <I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB> and η<SUB>0</SUB> for linear and for conventional LCB-mPE. The thermorheological behavior is complex and differs from that observed for LCB-mPE but also does not resemble an LDPE-like thermorheological behavior.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2011/mamobx.2011.44.issue-12/ma200588r/production/images/medium/ma-2011-00588r_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma200588r'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Stadler, Florian J.,Mahmoudi, Tahmineh 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.4
In this paper, we assess the frequency dependent rheological data of several different linear and short-chain branched metallocene catalyzed polyethylenes with respect to the description of the viscosity functions. The aim is to derive material specific relaxation time ${\lambda}$ from the fit. This characteristic relaxation time follows a similar dependence to the molar mass $M_w$ as the zero shear-rate viscosity, but slightly depends on both molar mass distribution and comonomer content. The transition between the shear-thinning region and the terminal regime is broader for mHDPE than for mLLDPE and widens with increasing molar mass $M_w$. This finding is explained by the differences in the plateau modulus $G_N^0$ and the increase of the normalized terminal relaxation time in comparison to the characteristic relaxation time, respectively.
Astrid Stadler 한국민사소송법학회 2019 민사소송 Vol.23 No.3
The following article presents the collective redress part of Model Rules which are the result of a joint academic project launched by UNIDROIT and the European Law Institute in Vienna. The project is a follow-on project of “Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure” that were elaborated and adopted by UNIDROIT and the American Law Institute in 2004. The current project, called “From Transnational Principles to European Rules of Civil Procedure” is an attempt to present rules on civil procedure for domestic and cross-border cases in Europe. It is an academic project, supported by the European Commission, which tries to identify converging tendencies in civil procedure across Europe and to develop a set of Model Rules in order to provide a basis for discussion on the further harmonization civil procedure law in Europe. This articles focuses on the collective redress part of the Model Rules. It describes the background of the whole project, and of the chapter on collective redress in particular. It explains the three basic instruments for dealing with mass harm events: collective actions for damages or any other remedy, and mass settlements either negotiated and concluded while a collective action is pending or as a stand-alone proceeding with the main objective to obtain court approval for a mass settlement negotiated out-of-court. In its last part this paper highlights some of the key questions which had to be addressed by the Working Group when drafting the Chapter on collective redress. 본 논문은 사법통일국제위원회(UNIDROIT)와 비엔나에 위치한 유럽법률협회(ELI)에 의하여 시작된 공동학술프로젝트의 결과인 모델규칙의 집단적 피해구제 부분에 관한 것이다. 이 프로젝트는 2004년 사법통일국제위원회와 미국법률협회(ALI)가 성안하고 채택하였던 “국제민사소송원칙(Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure)”의 후속 프로젝트이다. “국제민사소송원칙으로부터 유럽민사소송규칙으로”로 명명된 현재의 프로젝트는 유럽에서 국내 및 국제 사건에 적용될 민사소송규칙을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 이 프로젝트는 유럽위원회로부터 지원받은 학술프로젝트로서 유럽 전역에 걸친 민사소송의 공통적 경향을 파악하고 유럽에서 민사소송법의 추가적 조화에 관한 논의의 기초를 제공하기 위하여 일련의 모델규칙을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문은 모델규칙 중 집단적 피해구제 부분에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본 논문은 전체 프로젝트의 배경과 특히 집단적 피해구제에 관한 장의 배경을 설명한다. 또한 집단적 피해사건을 처리하기 위한 3가지 기본 절차인 (1) 손해배상 또는 기타 구제수단을 위한 집단소송, (2) 협상을 통하여 또는 집단소송의 계속 중에 체결된 집단적 화해, (3) 재판외 집단적 화해에 대하여 법원의 승인을 얻기 위한 독립절차를 설명한다. 본 논문의 마지막 부분에서는 실무작업반이 집단적 피해구제에 관한 장의 초안을 작성함에 있어서 논의하였던 주요 의제의 일부를 강조한다.