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Low ambient oxygen prevents atherosclerosis
Kang, Ju-Gyeong,Sung, Ho Joong,Amar, Marcelo J.,Pryor, Milton,Remaley, Alan T.,Allen, Michele D.,Noguchi, Audrey C.,Springer, Danielle A.,Kwon, Jaeyul,Chen, Jichun,Park, Ji-hoon,Wang, Ping-yuan,Hwang, Springer-Verlag 2016 Journal of molecular medicine Vol.94 No.3
<P>Large population studies have shown that living at higher altitudes, which lowers ambient oxygen exposure, is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality. However, hypoxia has also been reported to promote atherosclerosis by worsening lipid metabolism and inflammation. We sought to address these disparate reports by reducing the ambient oxygen exposure of ApoE-/- mice. We observed that long-term adaptation to 10 % O-2 (equivalent to oxygen content at similar to 5000 m), compared to 21 % O-2 (room air at sea level), resulted in a marked decrease in aortic atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. This effect was associated with increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), known to be anti-atherogenic and regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha). Supporting these observations, ApoE-/- mice that were deficient in IL-10 (IL10-/- ApoE-/- double knockout) failed to show reduced atherosclerosis in 10 % oxygen. Our study reveals a specific mechanism that can help explain the decreased prevalence of ischemic heart disease in populations living at high altitudes and identifies ambient oxygen exposure as a potential factor that could be modulated to alter pathogenesis. Key messages Chronic low ambient oxygen exposure decreases atherosclerosis in mice. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels are increased by low ambient O-2. This is consistent with the established role of HIF-1 alpha in IL10 transactivation. Absence of IL-10 results in the loss of the antiatherosclerosis effect of low O-2. This mechanism may contribute to decreased atherosclerosis at high altitudes.</P>
Apoptotic Cell Death Following Traumatic Injury to the Central Nervous System
Springer, Joe E . 생화학분자생물학회 1998 BMB Reports Vol.35 No.1
Apoptotic cell death is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process in which a cell is instructed to actively participate in its own demise. This process of cellular suicide is activated by developmental and environmental cues and normally plays an essential role in eliminating superfluous, damaged, and senescent cells of many tissue types. In recent years, a number of experimental studies have provided evidence of widespread neuronal and glial apoptosis following injury to the central nervous system (CNS). These studies indicate that injury-induced apoptosis can be detected from hours to days following injury and may contribute to neurological dysfunction. Given these findings, understanding the biochemical signaling events controlling apoptosis is a first step towards developing therapeutic agents that target this cell death process. This review will focus on molecular cell death pathways that are responsible for generating the apoptotic phenotype. It will also summarize what is currently known about the apoptotic signals that are activated in the injured CNS, and what potential strategies might be pursued to reduce this cell death process as a means to promote functional recovery.
Apoptotic Cell Death Following Traumatic Injury to the Central Nervous System
Springer, Joe E. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2002 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.35 No.1
Apoptotic cell death is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process in which a cell is instructed to actively participate in its own demise. This process of cellular suicide is activated by developmental and environmental cues and normally plays an essential role in eliminating superfluous, damaged, and senescent cells of many tissue types. In recent years, a number of experimental studies have provided evidence of widespread neuronal and glial apoptosis following injury to the central nervous system (CNS). These studies indicate that injury-induced apoptosis can be detected from hours to days following injury and may contribute to neurological dysfunction. Given these findings, understanding the biochemical signaling events controlling apoptosis is a first step towards developing therapeutic agents that target this cell death process. This review will focus on molecular cell death pathways that are responsible for generating the apoptotic phenotype. It will also summarize what is currently known about the apoptotic signals that are activated in the injured CNS, and what potential strategies might be pursued to reduce this cell death process as a means to promote functional recovery.
Test Anxiety among Chinese Undergraduates from Urban versus Rural Backgrounds
Dianping Liu,Ken Springer,Yang-Hee Kim 국제언어문학회 2021 國際言語文學 Vol.- No.49
본 연구는 중국 도시와 농촌 학부생들의 시험 불안을 깊이 이해하기 위한 질적 연구이다. 이 연구를 위해 연변대학교에 재학 중인 5명의 도시 학생들과 5명의 시골 학생들이 참여하였다. 학생 개개인을 대상으로 실시한 정형화되지 않은 면접은 그들의 수행능력에 대한 자기평가, 시험 불안의 정도, 시험 불안 원인에 대한 이해, 선호하는 대처전략, 시험 불안을 줄일 수 있는 여부에 중점을 두었다. 인터뷰를 통해 모든 학생들이 반드시 시험 기간 동안에만 불안감을 느낀 것이 아니라 그들이 시험 전에 불안을 느꼈던 것으로 드러났다. 이러한 시험 불안을 해소하고자 학생들은 다양한 정서 중심 및 문제 중심 대처 전략을 사용했던 것으로 나타났다. 도시와 농촌 학생들 간 차이의 결과에서 시골학생들이 과하도록 심한 시험 불안을 경험했고, 자신 통제력을 포함한 시험 불안을 다루는데 있어 비교적 효율성이 떨어지는 대처 전략을 사용했다는 경향을 보였다. 마지막 성별에 따른 시험 불안에 대한 차이에서는 기대와는 다르게 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 이 연구는 농촌 학생들이 갖는 시험 불안에 대한 심각성을 이해함으로써 그들의 시험 불안을 줄여, 학교생활에 잘 적응할 수 있도록 방안을 찾는데 교육적 의의를 두었다. This is a qualitative research study conducted to deepen understanding of test anxiety among Chinese undergraduates from urban versus rural backgrounds in China. Five urban and five rural students currently attending Yanbian University participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews conducted with individual students focused on self-assessment of performance, extent of test anxiety, understanding of causes of test anxiety, preferred coping strategies, and the possibility to reduce test anxiety. The interviews revealed that all students experienced anxiety before tests but not necessarily during tests. To reduce test anxiety, students used a variety of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies for dealing with test anxiety. The differences between urban and rural students tended to show that rural students appeared to experience more severe, unqualified test anxiety, and they relatively used less effective coping strategies involving self-control to deal with test anxiety than their urban peers. Finally, contrary to expectations, no gender differences in test anxiety were found. The educational significance of this study is to help reduce Chinese undergraduates’ test anxiety and adapt well to university settings by understanding the challenge of test anxiety, particularly among Chinese rural students.
Dianping Liu,Yang-Hee Kim,Ken Springer 한국외국어교육학회 2019 Foreign languages education Vol.26 No.4
The present study examines the extent to which key competence and learning competence in particular are promoted in the high school English classes attended by Chinese students. Eight hundred and thirty five college freshmen at a comprehensive four-year university in Jilin Province were surveyed on their experiences in high school English classes. In part 1 of the survey, we found that high school English instruction in China tends to be exam-focused rather than emphasizing the development of key competences. In part 2 of the survey, we found that three aspects of learning competence – attitudes toward learning English, meta-cognitive awareness concerning one’s own English learning, and knowledge about English language instruction – are not consistently instilled in high school English classes. Virtually no differences between ethnic majority and minority students were observed in survey. We believe that because English instruction in Chinese high schools is exam-oriented so that instructors do not have enough time to enhance learning competences. Our conclusion is that reform of instructional methods needs to include greater attention to the aspects of learning competence.