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Load-Balanced Opportunistic Routing for Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks
So, Jungmin,Byun, Heejung IEEE Computer Society 2017 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING Vol.16 No.7
<P>In duty-cycled wireless sensor networks running asynchronous MAC protocols, the time when a sender waits for its receiver to wake up and receive the packet is the major source of energy consumption. Opportunistic routing can reduce the sender wait time by allowing multiple candidate receivers, but by doing that it suffers from redundant packet forwarding due to multiple receivers waking up at the same time. Thus, the number of forwarders should be controlled in a way that overall forwarding cost is minimized considering both sender wait time and cost of redundant packet forwarding. Also, in order to prolong network lifetime, candidate forwarders should be selected so that load is balanced among nodes. We propose ORR, an opportunistic routing protocol that addresses the two issues. First, the optimal number of forwarders is calculated based on forwarding cost estimation, which is derived from duty cycle and network topology. Second, the metric used for selecting forwarders considers residual energy so that more traffic is guided through nodes with larger remaining energy. The resulting routing protocol is proven to avoid loops and shown to achieve longer network lifetime compared to other protocols regardless of duty cycle and network topology.</P>
Wireless Interface Bonding Supporting In-Order Delivery and Automatic Load Balancing
So, Jungmin,Park, Jongsun,Eliab, Ayinebyona IEEE 2017 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT Vol.66 No.6
<P>Wireless interface bonding is an important technique in multiradio systems, where multiple radios can be combined to establish a fast link between nodes. However, existing interface bonding modules are not well-suited for wireless interfaces due to lack of functionalities to cope with varying channel capacity. Variance in throughput and delay of the individual radios can cause significant degradation of transmission control protocol throughput due to suboptimal scheduling and out-of-order delivery. Since condition of wireless channels is dynamic, capacity of each channel cannot be predicted offline which makes the packet scheduling challenging. Naive queue management for in-order delivery could also be hazardous to the throughput due to long dwell time of packets at the receiver queue. This paper presents an extension to Linux bonding driver called the new load balancing (NLB) mode, which is designed to combine multiple WLAN interfaces into a single virtual interface. The NLB mode supports automatic load balancing and in-order delivery, and together, they make a multichannel link that behaves like a single link with aggregated bandwidth. Automatic load balancing is done using receiver measurements on interarrival time of consecutive packets. In-order delivery is implemented using a receive queue and a fast loss detection schemewhich prevents long dwell time of packets at the queue. The NLB mode does not require modifications to physical network device drivers which makes it usable with devices from any vendor. Performance evaluations using OpenWrt-based wireless devices show that the NLB mode can efficiently aggregate bandwidths of channels under various conditions.</P>
So-Young Huh,Su-Hyun Kim,Ki Hoon Kim,Young Nam Kwon,Sung-Min Kim,Seung Woo Kim,Ha Young Shin,Yeon Hak Chung,Ju-Hong Min,Jungmin So,Young-Min Lim,Kwang-Kuk Kim,Nam-Hee Kim,Tai-Seung Nam,Sa-Yoon Kang,Je 대한신경과학회 2022 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.18 No.6
Background and Purpose Fingolimod (FTY) inhibits lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs to cause lymphopenia, but the clinical implications of FTY-induced lymphopenia are not fully understood. We aimed to determine the frequency and severity of lymphopenia during FTY treatment among Korean patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and its association with infections. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with MS treated using FTY from 12 referral centers in South Korea between March 2013 and June 2021. Patients were classified according to their nadir absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) during treatment: grade 1, 800–999/μL; grade 2, 500–799/μL; grade 3, 200–499/μL; and grade 4, <200/μL. Results FTY treatment was administered to 69 patients with a median duration of 18 months (range=1–169 months), with 11 patients being treated for ≥7 years. During FTY treatment, mean ALCs were reduced after the first month (653.0±268.9/μL, mean±standard deviation) (p<0.0001) and remained low during treatment lasting up to 84 months. During follow-up, 41 (59.4%) and 7 (10.1%) patients developed grade-3 and grade-4 lymphopenia, respectively. No significant difference was found in age at FTY initiation, sex, baseline ALC, body mass index, or prior disease-modifying treatment between patients with and without grade-4 lymphopenia. Infections were observed in 11 (15.9%) patients, and the frequencies of patients with and without grade-4 lymphopenia were similar. Conclusions FTY treatment induced grade-4 lymphopenia in 10% of South Korean patients with MS, but did not appear to be associated with an increased infection risk.
So Ra Kang,김신정,Jungmin Lee 한국아동간호학회 2020 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.26 No.4
Purpose: This study describes the development of a violence prevention educational program for elementary school children using empathy (VPEP-E) that teachers can use during class. Methods: Hoffman's theory of empathy and Seels and Richey's (1994) ADDIE model were applied to develop this program. Results: The developed program consisted of eight sessions: "Orientation/ definition of violence and empathy", "Types and boundaries of violence", "Look into my feelings", "Say it with a facial expression", "Preventing non-empathic violence due to social prejudice", "Preventing physical violence", "Verbal and online violence prevention: empathic conversation", and "I can do well: review of the whole curriculum". The program was evaluated by 15 elementary school teachers, who considered it to be easily accessible to elementary school students. The final VPEP-E, which will be provided in eight times for 40 minutes each for fifth-grade students, will provide a basis for preventing violence by fostering empathy. Conclusion: We expect the developed educational program to be effective in preventing violence among elementary school students. However, further research involving children from various age groups is needed.