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Question particles ça and donc in French: A corpus study
Anastasiia Smirnova,Anne Abeillé 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2021 언어연구 Vol.38 No.2
We study two question particles (donc and ça) in a large French corpus. We show that they are specialized for direct questions, and that wh-ça is possible both in situ and in fronted position, contrary to previous literature (Cheng and Rooryck 2001). We also show that ellipsis is the most common use of wh-ça, with sluicing (Ross 1969) and a new construction that we call wh-stripping, while fronting is the most common use of wh-donc. In many examples, a non elliptical question would be impossible or quite different, which seem to cast doubt on a deletion under identity approach of sluices (Ross 1969) and to favor a Direct Interpretation approach (Ginzburg and Sag 2000). Looking at the preceding context, in about half of wh-ça and wh-donc sluices, the wh-word has a correlate, and in the majority of cases, the correlate is definite. We suggest that the particle ça favors elliptical reprise questions, compared to bare wh words, while the particle donc favors biased questions.
Modeling Interregional Clustering in Industry: The Case Study of Russia
Olga P. Smirnova,Alena O. Ponomareva 대한산업공학회 2021 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.20 No.4
The paper deals with the relevant problem of industrial development in Russia’s regions. For the economic develop-ment of regions at a qualitatively new level, innovative clusters are an effective form of organizing industrial business. The positive effects of clustering are achieved, first of all, by combining the scientific and production potential of the territory. To model the processes of interregional clustering, the method of spatial econometrics based on Moran’s indices was used. The results of the study show that a number of Russian regions have a high potential for the creation and development of interregional ties. The development of industrial clustering at the interregional level can help to level the socio-economic development of regions. Relations between promising regions and those being sharply inferior to them in development, in the form of clusters, can lead to synergistic effects. It has been established that interregional interaction in traditional industries, such as metallurgy and mechanical engineering, is not always mutually beneficial. Territories of catching-up development can become resource donors in such relations. The authors have noted the priority of supporting interregional clusters, including high-tech enterprises. High-tech manufacturing is an active link in value chains. Therefore, the formation of interregional clustering in this area should become a strategic direction of industrial policy.
Ivanova, T.,Smirnova, I.,Kondrashova, T.,Yun, Yeon Sook,Song, Jie Young,Han, Young Soo Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2005 Key Engineering Materials Vol.277 No.-
<P>Spontaneous levels of the chromosome aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes of 173 women were analyzed in the course of a medical examination of the residents of the Bryansk District territories (Klintsy Region, and the town of Klintsy) contaminated after the Chernobyl NPP accident in April 1986. The study population included only women who had been premenopausal at the time of the accident (mean age in 1986 was 23.9±0.7 years, ranging 2 to 56 years). The territory contamination with 137Cs ranged from 1.8 to 23.7 Ci/km2, the mean value being 7.5±0.2 Ci/km2. The range of the calculated absorbed thyroid doses was 30 to 340 mGy (in average, 52.3±3.3 mGy). The number of women with benign breast diseases (BBD) was 116 (67%). All recognizable chromosome lesion types were scored in the first in vitro division metaphases stained with azure-eosin. The mean total aberration frequency in the sample studied was 3.5±0.2 per 100 metaphases, the main contribution being made by the chromatid deletions, which is typical for a normal spontaneous aberration pattern. Based on the results of the cytogenetic analysis, the study population was subdivided into two groups. Group A (128 women) included subjects who showed normal patterns of spontaneous chromosome aberrations. Abnormal patterns, including the aberration frequencies significantly (at p<0.05) exceeding the mean group value and/or the presence of chromosome type exchange aberrations, were found in 45 women (group B). Statistical hypotheses on the possible correlations between the cytogenetic anomalies, BBD, level of the territory radiation contamination, and the absorbed thyroid dose were tested. The proportion of women with BBD was approximately the same in groups A and B (68 and 64%, respectively; p=0.665), which did not allow us to state that abnormal chromosome patterns can be used as diagnosis markers. The data obtained showed some positive trends between the cytogenetic anomalies, breast disorders, level of the territory contamination and the thyroid dose. In addition, it is interesting to note that the inclusion of the body mass index (BMI) into the data analysis showed that, both in women with cytogenetic anomalies (group B) and among the women with BBD, this index was essentially lower than in the respective comparison groups. The BMI differences could not be explained by the age differences, since the latter were insignificant in all the cases (p>0.8).</P>
Matevž Rašković,Maria M. Smirnova,Vera Rebiazina,Maja Makovec Brenčič,Zhonghui Ding,Petra Došenović Bonča 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.11
We propose a conceptual model of MO in emerging markets by drawing on industrial organization and economic sociology, and outline factors which can better explain the determinant-strategy-performance relationships in emerging markets. We provide two country examples (Russia and China), and propose future research directions for our conceptual model.
Politicians, Firms and the State of Institutional Environment
Davide Infante,Janna Smirnova 서울대학교 경제연구소 2010 Seoul journal of economics Vol.23 No.3
The model we develop analyses how the state of an institutional environment influences resources allocation in a transition economy. We capture the interaction between politicians who influence firms' decisions regarding resources allocation and managers, introducing a parameter which measures the strength of institutions. The results of our model confirm that building up strong institutions in a transition economy can play a central role in privatisation and restructuring processes and motivate agents to agree on a better resources allocation.
Stable numerical differentiation : when is it possible?
RAMM, ALEXANDER G.,SMIRNOVA, ALEXANDRA 한국산업정보응용수학회 2003 한국산업정보응용수학회 Vol.7 No.1
Two principally different statements of the problem of stable numerical differentiation are considered. It is analyzed when it is possible in principle to get a stable approximation to the derivative f' given noisy data f_(δ). Computational aspects of the problem are discussed and illustrated by examples. These examples show the practical value of the new understanding of the problem of stable differentiation.
MEASURING CUSTOMER ORIENTATION IN RUSSIAN MARKET: RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Alexander Rozhkov,Maria Smirnova,Vera Rebiazina 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.5
The concept of customer orientation (CO) has been studied for quite a long time at first as a major part of market orientation and then as a separate construct. For emerging market the role of CO became paramount with the shift from the planned to the market economy. However, after more than two decades of transition Russian companies are still demonstrating rather a claim of being customer orientation, instead of implementing a long-term orientation towards customer. This paper focuses on reconsidering applying the Narver and Slater (1990) approach to conceptualizing and measuring customer orientation, and its empirical test and validation in the context of Russian economy. This study is based on data from two empirical studies on Russian companies, conducted during the pre-crisis (2008) and post-crisis (2010) period. Our results reveal that existing theory on customer orientation is not fully confirmed by the evidence from Russian companies.