Implementation of Six Degrees of Seperation Using Two Dimensional Bi-direction Search to Connect People

Shubham Kumar,Shivank Sharma,N. Ch. S. N. Iyengar 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Database Theory and Appli Vol.8 No.6

Six Degrees of Separation is a theory that has recently been popularized due to the emergence of various social networking platforms. This theory states that any two random people in the world can be associated with each other with no more than six intermediate links. Though this theory has not been verified yet it has a great potential for practical implementation. In this paper we use this theory to create an application which is going to help the user in finding other individuals who share some common links and can be of benefit to the user. This is achieved through maintaining a central database which contains the details of all the users using our application. A user can search for other people on our database based on certain parameters which would then display the resultant links between the user and the selected target. This establishing of links is achieved using two dimensional bi-direction search algorithm.

Fabrication and Characterization of Metal/Insulator/Semiconductor Structures Based on TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 Thin Films Prepared by Low-Temperature Arc Vapor Deposition

Kumar Shubham,P. Chakrabarti 대한금속·재료학회 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.10 No.3

The present work involves the fabrication and characterization of two different metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) structures: Pd/TiO2/Si and Pd/TiO2/SiO2/Si. The TiO2 thin films on the n-type Si <100> substrate were deposited using low-temperature arc vapor deposition process. The electrical characterizations of MIS structures were investigated using capacitance-voltage and current density-voltage measurements. The effects of annealing on the properties of the films were also studied. Furthermore, the structural, surface morphological, and electrical properties of the devices were compared with those obtained using other deposition techniques.

MRAS‑based current estimator for DC–DC converters considering time‑variant load impedance

Shubham Kumar Singh,Chetan S. Matwankar,Manan Jee,Aftab Alam 전력전자학회 2022 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.22 No.2

The integration of the multiple renewable energy sources (RESs) into a common grid requires a DC bus to be connected with the AC bus of the utility grid using an interlinking converter between the two buses. The DC bus is formed by multiple DC–DC converters fed by RESs. To maintain a fixed DC bus voltage, all of the converters are controlled in a closed loop. The number of DC–DC converters along with the number of corresponding voltage and current sensors becomes staggeringly high for a large number of distributed energy resources (DERs) based systems. Therefore, this paper embarks on state estimation-based closed-loop control of DC–DC converters to significantly reduce the number of sensors. Here, the state variable of the DC current is estimated using a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) for eliminating the current sensors from the hardware design. This estimated state, along with the measured state (capacitor voltage), is used in the state feedback-based closed-loop control of the DC–DC converter. A hardware prototype of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) fed 5 kW boost converter was built and controlled using the proposed current estimator. The experimental results establish the accuracy of the performance parameters of the proposed current estimator.

In-vitro meat: a promising solution for sustainability of meat sector

( Pavan Kumar ),( Neelesh Sharma ),( Shubham Sharma ),( Nitin Mehta ),( Akhilesh Kumar Verma ),( S Chemmalar ),( Awis Qurni Sazili ) 한국축산학회 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.4

The in-vitro meat is a novel concept in food biotechnology comprising field of tissue engineering and cellular agriculture. It involves production of edible biomass by in-vitro culture of stem cells harvested from the muscle of live animals by self-organizing or scaffolding methodology. It is considered as efficient, environmental friendly, better ensuring public safety and nutritional security, as well as ethical way of producing meat. Source of stem cells, media ingredients, supply of large size bioreactors, skilled manpower, sanitary requirements, production of products with similar sensory and textural attributes as of conventional meat, consumer acceptance, and proper set up of regulatory framework are challenges faced in commercialization and consumer acceptance of in-vitro meat. To realize any perceivable change in various socio-economic and environmental spheres, the technology should be commercialized and should be cost-effective as conventional meat and widely accepted among consumers. The new challenges of increasing demand of meat with the increasing population could be fulfill by the establishment of in-vitro meat production at large scale and its popularization. The adoption of in-vitro meat production at an industrial scale will lead to self-sufficiency in the developed world.

Performance Investigation of Bottom Gate ZnO Based TFT for High-Speed Digital Display Circuit Applications

Binay Binod Kumar,Shubham Kumar,Pramod Kumar Tiwari,Aniruddh Bahadur Yadav,Sarvesh Dubey,Kunal Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2024 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.25 No.3

This paper explores possibility of device as well as circuit performance enhancement in the bottom gate ZnO based TFT via Mg and Cd material doping. DC, Analog & RF performance, Energy effi ciency and Noise analysis were erformed for both doped (i.e., MgyZn1−yO and CdxZn1−xO ) and undoped ZnO channel TFT structures. Further, successful ircuit implementation of these devices was done in resistive inverter and AMLCD pixel display circuits. Performance wise both MgyZn1−yO and CdxZn1−xO channel TFTs were found to be superior against its undoped variant. ~ 376%, ~ 105% nd ~ 162% are the percentage improvement in (ION∕IOFF) ratio, fi eld eff ect mobility (μFE) and eff ective mobility μeff) for CdxZn1−xO based TFT with respect to ZnO based TFT, same parameters show ~ 194%, ~ 103% and ~ 133% ercentage improvement for the case of MgyZn1−yO TFT. Also, ~ 23% is percentage decrease in subthreshold swing (SS) for CdxZn1−xO based TFT with respect to ZnO based, whereas ~ 11% is percentage decrement for MgyZn1−yO . Intrinsic gate delay, the percentage decrement is ~ 54.15 and ~ 59.95% for MgyZn1−yO and CdxZn1−xO respectively w.r.t ZnO. Both the CdxZn1−xO and MgyZn1−yO TFT shows unanimous decrease in delay for the resistive inverter as well as AMLCD pixel display circuits. The reported results shows that bottom gate CdxZn1−xO TFT has better performance for bove-mentioned performance parameters. The numerical simulations are performed on Silvaco ATLAS TCAD simulator.

Present Status and Future Management Strategies for Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus: A Major Constraint to the Global Sugarcane Production

Somnath Kadappa Holkar,Parameswari Balasubramaniam,Atul Kumar,Nithya Kadirvel,Prashant Raghunath Shingote,Manohar Lal Chhabra,Shubham Kumar,Praveen Kumar,Rasappa Viswanathan,Rakesh Kumar Jain,Ashwini 한국식물병리학회 2020 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.36 No.6

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) is a distinct member of the Polerovirus genus of the Luteoviridae family. SCYLV is the major limitation to sugarcane production worldwide and presently occurring in most of the sugarcane growing countries. SCYLV having high genetic diversity within the species and presently ten genotypes are known to occur based on the complete genome sequence information. SCYLV is present in almost all the states of India where sugarcane is grown. Virion comprises of 180 coat protein units and are 24-29 nm in diameter. The genome of SCYLV is a monopartite and comprised of single-stranded (ss) positive-sense (+) linear RNA of about 6 kb in size. Virus genome consists of six open reading frames (ORFs) that are expressed by sub-genomic RNAs. The SCYLV is phloem-limited and transmitted by sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari in a circulative and non-propagative manner. The other aphid species namely, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis, and R. maidis also been reported to transmit the virus. The virus is not transmitted mechanically, therefore, its transmission by M. sacchari has been studied in different countries. SCYLV has a limited natural host range and mainly infect sugarcane (Sachharum hybrid), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and Columbus grass (Sorghum almum). Recent insights in the protein-protein interactions of Polerovirus through protein interaction reporter (PIR) technology enable us to understand viral encoded proteins during virus replication, assembly, plant defence mechanism, short and long-distance travel of the virus. This review presents the recent understandings on virus biology, diagnosis, genetic diversity, virus-vector and host-virus interactions and conventional and next generation management approaches.

Spatio-Temporal Variability of Rainfall Indices and their Teleconnections with El Niño-Southern Oscillation for Tapi Basin, India

Gehlot Lalit Kumar,Jibhakate Shubham M.,Sharma Priyank J.,Patel P. L.,Timbadiya P. V. 한국기상학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.57 No.1

The long-term spatio-temporal variability in twelve rainfall indices across Tapi basin are investigated for period 1944–2013. The temporal trends in aforesaid indices, representing magnitude, intensity, frequency and duration of rainfall, are analysed using nonparametric tests. The total annual rainfall exhibit uniformly increasing trends over Lower Tapi basin (LTB), while heterogeneous trends are observed across Upper (UTB) and Middle (MTB) Tapi basins. The rainy days portrays decreasing trends at 75% stations in the basin, while rainfall intensity displays increasing trends across LTB and UTB. On other hand, LTB and Purna sub-catchment (in UTB) show coherent increasing trends in extreme rainfall, while decreasing trends are observed over Burhanpur sub-catchment (in UTB) and MTB. A considerable increase in duration of dry spells is reported at 92.5% stations in the basin, indicating a marked shift towards drier climatic regime. Further, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is carried out to address the space-time variability of rainfall indices. The results of PCA were adopted in cluster analysis to identify the stations exhibiting similar characteristic variations in rainfall trends. The hydroclimatic teleconnections between rainfall indices and large-scale oceanic-atmospheric circulations of the tropical Pacific Ocean (viz., El Niño-Southern Oscillation) revealed the prevalence of wet conditions in the basin during moderate to strong La-Niña, while dry conditions were encountered during moderate to strong El-Niño and weak La-Niña events. The spatial estimates of rainfall indices are derived corresponding to 2-, 10- and 50-year return periods which would be helpful in hydrologic design and risk assessment of rainfall-induced disasters in near future.

Improved resistive switching performance in Cu-cation migrated MoS2 based ReRAM device incorporated with tungsten nitride bottom electrode

Ravi Prakash,Shubham Sharma,Anuj Kumar,Davinder Kaur 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.3

The resistive switching characteristics of sputtered deposited molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) thin film has been investigated in Cu/MoS2/W2N stack configuration for Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) application. The benefits of incorporating tungsten nitride (W2N) as a bottom electrode material were demonstrate by stability in operating voltages, good endurance (103 cycles) and long non-volatile retention (103 s) characteristics. Resistive switching properties in Cu/MoS2/W2N structure are induced by the formation/disruption of Cu conducting filaments in MoS2 thin film. Ohmic law and space charge limited current (SCLC) are observed as dominant conduction mechanism in low resistance state (LRS) and high resistance state (HRS) respectively. This study suggests the application of MoS2 thin films with W2N bottom electrode for next generation non-volatile ReRAM application.

Change in Trend in Various Clinico-Pathological Factors and Treatment Profile of Breast Cancer Patients: a Tertiary Cancer Centre Experience

Shankar, Abhishek,Roy, Shubham,Rath, GK,Kamal, Vineet Kumar,Bhandari, Menal,Kulshrestha, Rashi,Prasad, Neelam,Sachdev, Jaineet,Jeyaraj, Pamela Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.8

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23% of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Since there has been change in clinico-pathological factors and treatment profiles for breast cancer patients over the years, the present study to evaluate the change trends in India. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Change in various clinico-pathological factors and treatments of breast cancer cases was recorded and analysed. Results: Mean age at presentation was found to be earlier in 2005-2006 compared with 1997-98 (p value: 0.046). More premenopausal women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005-2006 when this was compared with initial years of assessment (p value ${\leq}0.001$). When change in the receptor status was evaluated, we observed that there was a decrease in cases of ER and PR receptor positivity which was significant (p value: 0.007). Over the period of time, more f patients were not offered surgery initially in view of advanced disease when the two time periods were compared (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was a significant increase in patients who were initially offered neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in view of advanced disease at presentation (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was increasing number of patients who received palliative treatment for symptoms in 2005-2006 when compared to patients treated in 1997-98((p value: ${\leq}0.001$). Conclusions: Changes in mean age at presentation, premenopausal status, and stage at presentation have occurred over the years. More aggressive patterns of disease have become more common with early age at presentation and aggressive biological behaviour with receptor negative tumours.

Contralateral Breast Cancer: a Clinico-pathological Study of Second Primaries in Opposite Breasts after Treatment of Breast Malignancy

Shankar, Abhishek,Roy, Shubham,Malik, Abhidha,Kamal, Vineet Kumar,Bhandari, Ruchir,Kishor, Kunal,Mahajan, M.K.,Sachdev, Jaineet,Jeyaraj, Pamela,Rath, G.K. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.3

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23 % of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is becoming an important public health issue because of the increased incidence of primary breast cancer and improved survival. The present communication concerns a study to evaluate the role of various clinico-pathological factors on the occurrence of contralateral breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. The diagnosis of CBC was confirmed on histopathology report. Relative risk with 95%CI was calculated for different risk factors of contralateral breast cancer development. Results: CBC was found in 24 (4.5%) out of 532 patients. Mean age of presentation was 43.2 years. Family history of breast cancer was found in 37.5% of the patients. There was statistically significant higher rate (83.3%) of CBC in patients in age group of 20-40 years with RR=11.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 89.4, p=0.006) seen in 20-30 years and RR=10.8 (95% CI:1.5-79.6, p=0.002) in 30-40 years as compared to older age of 60-70 years. Risk of development was higher in premenopausal women (RR=8.6, 95% CI: 3.5-21.3, $p{\leq}0.001$). Women with family history of breast cancer had highest rate (20.9%) of CBC (RR=5.4, 95% CI: 2.5-11.6, $p{\leq}0.001$). Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients was protective factor in occurrence of CBC but not significant (RR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.3-1.5, p=0.333). Conclusions: Younger age, premenopausal status, and presence of family history were found to be significant risk factors for the development of CBC. Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients might be protective against occurrence of CBC but did not reach significance.