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Effect of Additives on the Structure, Nanomorphology and Efficiency of PCPDTBT: PC71BM Solar Cells
Shogo Imamura,Kumar Palanisamy,Santhakumar Kannappan,Shizuyasu Ochiai 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.61 No.3
We investigated the effect of additives on the morphology of a poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b0]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT):(6,6)-phenyl C<sub>71</sub>-butyric acid methyl ester (PC<sub>71</sub>BM) blended onto a surface of poly (3, 4-ethylendioxythiophene): poly(styrensulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) to form photoactive films. Films of PCPDTBT: PC<sub>71</sub>BM bulk heterojunctions were prepared by spin-coating from a solution in chlorobenzene (CB) and were processed with and without the addition of 2%, 4%, and 6 vol% 1-chloro naphthalene (CN) or 1, 8-octanedithiol (ODT) as additives. For all samples, the PCPDTBT:PC<sub>71</sub>BM molar ratio was 1:2 (wt%), and the additives in 1 ml were prepared with a concentration of 30 mg of PCPDTBT:PC<sub>71</sub>BM. Optical absorption spectroscopy measurements of the films indicated shifts in the absorption peaks in the range from 500 - 800 nm which was attributed to PCPDTBT. XRay diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the nature of the molecular stacking in the polymer thin films. Topographic images which were obtained by using an atomic force microscope, of the PCPDTBT:PC<sub>71</sub>BM layers with 2 vol% ODT additive, were found to have the highest surface roughness. The best performing device shows a power conversion efficiency of 2.15% for a 2-vol% ODT additive.
EFFECTS OF GRID SPACER WITH MIXING VANE ON ENTRAINMENTS AND DEPOSITIONS IN TWO-PHASE ANNULAR FLOWS
AKIMARO KAWAHARA,MICHIO SADATOMI,SHOGO IMAMURA,YUTA SHIMOHARAI,YUDAI HIRAKATA,MASATO ENDO 한국원자력학회 2015 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.47 No.4
The effects of mixing vanes (MVs) attached to a grid spacer on the characteristics of airewater annular flows were experimentally investigated. To know the effects, a grid spacerwith or without MV was inserted in a vertical circular pipe of 16-mm internal diameter. Forthree cases (i.e., no spacer, spacer without MV, and spacer with MV), the liquid filmthickness, liquid entrainment fraction, and deposition rate were measured by the constantcurrent method, single liquid film extraction method, and double liquid film extractionmethod, respectively. The MVs significantly promote the re-deposition of liquid droplets inthe gas core flow into the liquid film on the channel walls. The deposition mass transfercoefficient is three times higher for the spacer with MV than for the spacer without MV,even for cases 0.3-m downstream from the spacer. The liquid film thickness becomesthicker upstream and downstream for the spacer with MV, compared with the thicknessfor the spacer without MV and for the case with no spacer.