Ultrastructure of Cryptoglena pigra from Korea

김종임,Woongghi Shin 한국조류학회I 2007 ALGAE Vol.22 No.4

Cryptoglena pigra Ehrenberg from Korea was a photosynthetic euglenoid alga, which had typical characteristics of the Euglenales. The ultrastructure examination of C. pigra revealed certain features which were distinctly photosynthetic euglenoid: one U-shaped chloroplast with thylakoid membranes; two paramylon grains appressed to both sides of the chloroplast; eyespot associated with the chloroplast but not part of it. Three flagellar roots were associated with the two basal bodies. The four-membered dorsal root arose from the dorsal body and extended anteriorly following the reservoir membrane. At the base of the reservoir the dorsal band was nucleated by the dorsal root and it ran anteriorly between the reservoir membrane and eyespot. The dorsal band was continued with the microtubules of the canal and the pellicle. The singlet dorsal microtubules at the transition level arranged into doublets by a successive linkage of the existing adjacent microtubules, and the doublets rearranged into the cytoskeletal microtubules that were continuous with four microtubules in pellicles. Finally, the sixteen ridges gave rise to the pellicular ridges. The five to six-membered ventral root extended anteriorly into a cytoplasmic pocket through the reservoir and lined a cytoplasmic pocket.

Two Freshwater Cryptomonads New to Korea:Cryptomonas marssonii and C. pyrenoidifera

Jee-Hwan Kim,Woongghi Shin,Sung Min Boo 한국조류학회I 2007 ALGAE Vol.22 No.3

We described two brownish freshwater Cryptomonas species, C. marssonii Skuja and C. pyrenoidifera Geitler as first records in Korea. The identification was based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear SSU rDNA sequences analysis. Cryptomonas marssonii is characterized by its sigmoid shape with a sharply pointed and dorsally curved antapex, dorso-ventrally flattened cell, two lateral plastids without pyrenoid, and its dimension of 18-25 μm in length and 8-13 μm in width. Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera is characterized by ovoid to elliptical shape with a partially twisted or rounded antapex, dorso-ventrally biconvex cell, lateral plastids with two pyrenoids, and the dimensions of 15-22 μm in length and 10-14 μm in width. Nuclear SSU rDNA sequences between C. marssonii WCK01 from Korea and CCAC0086 from Gernmay, and between C. pyrenoidifera WCK02 from Korea and CCMP152 from Australia were identical, respectively.

STUDIES ON ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THREE‐GENE PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS <i>MALLOMONAS</i> (SYNUROPHYCEAE)

Jo, Bok Yeon,Shin, Woongghi,Boo, Sung Min,Kim, Han Soon,Siver, Peter A. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Journal of phycology Vol.47 No.2

<P>The genus <I>Mallomonas</I>, a common and often abundant member of the planktic community in many freshwater habitats worldwide, consists of 180 species divided into 19 sections and 23 series. Classification of species is based largely on ultrastructural characteristics of the siliceous scales and bristles that collectively form a highly organized covering over the cell. However, the relative importance of the different siliceous features of the scales, such as the dome, V rib, and secondary structures, as well as the different types of scales, in understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the genus is little known. In this study, we investigated the scale and bristle ultrastructure, along with sequences of three genes, for 19 isolates (18 species) of <I>Mallomonas</I> (18 isolates were from Korean habitats). The isolates represented nine of the 19 sections. Sequences for both the nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA and plastid LSU of RUBISCO (<I>rbc</I>L) genes for each of the 19 <I>Mallomonas</I> isolates and four outgroups were determined. Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses of the data revealed that <I>Mallomonas</I> consists of two strongly supported clades. <I>Mallomonas bangladeshica</I> (E. Takah. et T. Hayak.) Siver et A. P. Wolfe was at the base of the first clade that included taxa from the sections <I>Planae</I> and <I>Heterospinae</I>, both of which lack a V rib on the shield of the scales. Our results indicated that the sections <I>Planae</I> and <I>Heterospinae</I> should be combined. The second clade, with <I>Mallomonas insignis</I> Penard and <I>Mallomonas punctifera</I> Korshikov at the base, contained taxa from the sections <I>Mallomonas, Striatae, Akrokomae, Annulatae, Torquatae, Punctiferae</I>, and <I>Insignes</I>, all of which have V ribs or well‐developed marginal ribs on the scales. Sister relationships between <I>Mallomonas</I> and <I>Striatae</I> were strongly supported, but interrelations among the remaining sections were not resolved, probably due to inclusion of too few species. Our results suggest that the current classification of the genus <I>Mallomonas</I> at the section level will require some revision. Additional species will need to be added in future analyses.</P>

Intraspecific variations in macronutrient, amino acid, and fatty acid composition of mass-cultured Teleaulax amphioxeia (Cryptophyceae) strains

Bae Ik Lee,Shin Kwon Kim,Jong Hyeok Kim,Hyung Seop Kim,Jong Im Kim,Woongghi Shin,Jung-Rae Rho,Wonho Yih 한국조류학회I 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2

To compare the nutritional quality of TPG (Teleaulax / Plagioselmis / Geminigera) clade species of cryptomonadswith that of RHO (Rhodomonas / Rhinomonas / Storeatula) clade species 6 Teleaulax amphioxeia (TA) and 1 Rhinomonassp. strains were mass-cultured in newly designed 500-L photobioreactors to the end of exponential growth phase. Intraspecific variations (IVs) in terms of one standard deviation among the 6 TA strains in the compositions of the threemacronutrients were 41.5 (protein), 89.8 (lipid), and 15.6% (carbohydrate) of the mean. When harvested from stationarygrowth phase mean compositions of essential amino acids (EAAs, 47.3%) and non-EAAs (52.7%) of the 2 TA strains,CR-MAL07 and CR-MAL08-2, were similar to those of a Chroomonas strain. The IVs between the 2 TA strains in thecomposition of EAAs (10.3 and 2.4) and non-EAAs (8.5 and 2.1% of the mean) were rather smaller than those of saturatedfatty acids (30.3 and 26.1) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 12.0 and 12.5% of the mean) in f/2-Si and urea-basedcompound fertilizer (UCF) culture media, respectively. Mean compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 17.9%) anddocosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.7%) of total fatty acids of the 2 TA strains were higher than those that of a Chroomonasstrain. EPA and DHA compositions exhibited similar level of IVs between the 2 TA strains in f/2-Si (14.6 and 11.0) andUCF media (12.6 and 13.5% of the mean). Thus, the nutritional quality in terms of amino acids, UFAs, EPA, and DHA ina TPG clade species, T. amphioxeia was comparable to those of RHO clade species with notable IVs. Practically, biotechnologicaltargets for TPG clade cryptomonad strains might be subspecies or clone level.

Intraspecific variations in macronutrient, amino acid, and fatty acid composition of mass-cultured Teleaulax amphioxeia (Cryptophyceae) strains

Lee, Bae Ik,Kim, Shin Kwon,Kim, Jong Hyeok,Kim, Hyung Seop,Kim, Jong Im,Shin, Woongghi,Rho, Jung-Rae,Yih, Wonho The Korean Society of Phycology 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2

To compare the nutritional quality of TPG (Teleaulax / Plagioselmis / Geminigera) clade species of cryptomonads with that of RHO (Rhodomonas / Rhinomonas / Storeatula) clade species 6 Teleaulax amphioxeia (TA) and 1 Rhinomonas sp. strains were mass-cultured in newly designed 500-L photobioreactors to the end of exponential growth phase. Intraspecific variations (IVs) in terms of one standard deviation among the 6 TA strains in the compositions of the three macronutrients were 41.5 (protein), 89.8 (lipid), and 15.6% (carbohydrate) of the mean. When harvested from stationary growth phase mean compositions of essential amino acids (EAAs, 47.3%) and non-EAAs (52.7%) of the 2 TA strains, CR-MAL07 and CR-MAL08-2, were similar to those of a Chroomonas strain. The IVs between the 2 TA strains in the composition of EAAs (10.3 and 2.4) and non-EAAs (8.5 and 2.1% of the mean) were rather smaller than those of saturated fatty acids (30.3 and 26.1) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 12.0 and 12.5% of the mean) in f/2-Si and urea-based compound fertilizer (UCF) culture media, respectively. Mean compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 17.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.7%) of total fatty acids of the 2 TA strains were higher than those that of a Chroomonas strain. EPA and DHA compositions exhibited similar level of IVs between the 2 TA strains in f/2-Si (14.6 and 11.0) and UCF media (12.6 and 13.5% of the mean). Thus, the nutritional quality in terms of amino acids, UFAs, EPA, and DHA in a TPG clade species, T. amphioxeia was comparable to those of RHO clade species with notable IVs. Practically, biotechnological targets for TPG clade cryptomonad strains might be subspecies or clone level.

MULTIGENE ANALYSES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUGLENOIDS AND NEW FAMILY, PHACACEAE (EUGLENALES)

Kim, Jong Im,Shin, Woongghi,Triemer, Richard E. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Journal of phycology Vol.46 No.6

<P>Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses of the combined multigene data (nuclear SSU rDNA, and plastid SSU and LSU rDNA) were conducted to evaluate the phylogeny of photosynthetic euglenoids. The combined data set consisted of 108 strains of photosynthetic euglenoids including a colorless sister taxon. Bayesian and ML analyses recovered trees of almost identical topology. The results indicated that photosynthetic euglenoids were divided into two major clades, the Euglenaceae clade (<I>Euglena</I>, <I>Euglenaria</I>, <I>Trachelomonas</I>, <I>Strombomonas</I>, <I>Monomorphina</I>, <I>Cryptoglena</I>, <I>Colacium</I>) and the Phacaceae clade (<I>Phacus</I>, <I>Lepocinclis</I>, <I>Discoplastis</I>). The Euglenaceae clade was monophyletic with high support and subdivided into four main clades: the <I>Colacium</I>, the <I>Strombomonas</I> and <I>Trachelomonas</I>, the <I>Cryptoglena</I> and <I>Monomorphina</I>, and the <I>Euglena</I> and <I>Euglenaria</I> clades. The genus <I>Colacium</I> was positioned at the base of the Euglenaceae and was well supported as a monophyletic lineage. The loricate genera (<I>Strombomonas</I> and <I>Trachelomonas</I>) were located at the middle of the Euglenaceae clade and formed a robust monophyletic lineage. The genera <I>Cryptoglena</I> and <I>Monomorphina</I> also formed a well‐supported monophyletic clade. <I>Euglena</I> and the recently erected genus <I>Euglenaria</I> emerged as sister groups. However, <I>Euglena proxima</I> branched off at the base of the Euglenaceae. The Phacaceae clade was also a monophyletic group with high support values and subdivided into three clades, the <I>Discoplastis</I>, <I>Phacus</I>, and <I>Lepocinclis</I> clades. The genus <I>Discoplastis</I> branched first, and then <I>Phacus</I> and <I>Lepocinclis</I> emerged as sister groups. These genera shared a common characteristic, numerous small discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. These results clearly separated the Phacaceae clade from the Euglenaceae clade. Therefore, we propose to limit the family Euglenaceae to the members of the <I>Euglena</I> clade and erect a new family, the Phacaceae, to house the genera <I>Phacus</I>, <I>Lepocinclis</I>, and <I>Discoplastis</I>.</P>

Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in cryptomorphic Cryptomonas curvata (Cryptophyceae) with an emphasis on taxonomic and phylogenetic implications

Nam, Seung Won,Shin, Woongghi The Korean Society of Phycology 2016 ALGAE Vol.31 No.2

Cryptomonas curvata Ehrenberg is a photosynthetic freshwater flagellate and the type species of the genus Cryptomonas. We examined the flagellar apparatus of cryptomorphic C. curvata by transmission electron microscopy. The major components of the flagellar apparatus are the non-keeled rhizostyle (Rhs), striated fibrous root (SR), striated fiber-associated microtubular root (SRm), mitochondrion-associated lamella (ML), and two types of microtubular roots (3r and 2r). The non-keeled Rhs originate at the ventral basal body and consist of two types of microtubule bands extending together into the middle of the cell. The SR and SRm extend parallel to the left side of the cell. The ML originates from the ventral basal body and is a plate-like fibrous structure associated with mitochondria. The 3r extends from the dorsal basal body toward the dorsal anterior of the cell. The 2r originates between the two basal bodies and extends shortly to the left of the cell. The overall configuration of the flagellar apparatus is most similar to that previously reported for C. pyrenoidifera. These results demonstrate that the features of the flagellar apparatus are useful for distinguishing closely related species and inferring phylogenetic relationships among taxa.

Morphological and genetic diversity of Euglena deses group (Euglenophyceae) with emphasis on cryptic species

Kim, Jong Im,Linton, Eric W.,Shin, Woongghi The Korean Society of Phycology 2016 ALGAE Vol.31 No.3

The Euglena deses group are common freshwater species composed of E. adhaerens, E. carterae, E. deses, E. mutabilis, and E. satelles. These species are characterized by elongated cylindrical worm-like cell bodies and numerous discoid chloroplasts with a naked pyrenoid. To understand the cryptic diversity, species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships among members of the group, we analyzed morphological data (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular data (nuclear small subunit [SSU] and large subunit [LSU] rDNAs and plastid SSU and LSU rDNAs). Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses based on the combined four-gene dataset resulted in a tree consisting of two major clades within the group. The first clade was composed of two subclades: the E. mutabilis subclade, and the E. satelles, E. carterae, and E. adhaerens subclade. The E. mutabilis subclade was characterized by a lateral canal opening at the anterior end and a single pellicular stria, whereas the E. satelles, E. carterae, and E. adhaerens subclade was characterized by an apical canal opening at the anterior end of the cell and double pellicular striae. The second clade consisted of 20 strains of E. deses, characterizing by a subapical canal opening at the anterior end and double pellicular striae, but they showed cell size variation and high genetic diversity. Species boundaries were tested using a Bayesian multi-locus species delimitation method, resulting in the recognition of five cryptic species within E. deses clade.

Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in Rhodomonas salina (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta)

Nam, Seung Won,Jo, Bok Yeon,Shin, Woongghi Korean Society of Environmental Biology 2020 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.38 No.2

Rhodomonas salina is a phototrophic marine flagellate. We examined the ultrastructure of R. salina with particular attention to the flagellar apparatus by transmission electron microscopy and compared it with that of other cryptomonads reported previously. The major components of the flagellar apparatus in R. salina were a keeled rhizostyle (Rhs), a striated fibrous root(SR), a SR-associated microtubular root (SRm), a mitochondrion-associated lamella (ML), and three types of microtubular roots (9r, 4r, and 2r). The keeled Rhs originated near the proximal end of the dorsal basal body, passed near the nucleus and dissociated at the posterior end of the cell. The SR and SRm originated between two basal bodies and laterally extended to the right side of the cell. The ML originated between two basal bodies and extended to the left side of the cell. The 9r originated between the ventral basal body and the Rhs and extended toward the anterior dorsal lobe of the cell. The 4r originated near the 9r and extended toward the dorsal lobe with the 2r, which originated between two basal bodies. Here, the flagellar apparatus in R. salina is described, and the ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus is compared among cryptomonad species.

Complex phylogeographic patterns in the freshwater alga <i>Synura</i> provide new insights into ubiquity vs. endemism in microbial eukaryotes

BOO, SUNG MIN,KIM, HAN SOON,SHIN, WOONGGHI,BOO, GA HUN,CHO, SUNG MI,JO, BOK YEON,KIM, JEE-HWAN,KIM, JIN HEE,YANG, EUN CHAN,SIVER, PETER A.,WOLFE, ALEXANDER P.,BHATTACHARYA, DEBASHISH,ANDERSEN, ROBERT Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Molecular ecology Vol.19 No.19

<P>Abstract</P><P>The global distribution, abundance, and diversity of microscopic freshwater algae demonstrate an ability to overcome significant barriers such as dry land and oceans by exploiting a range of biotic and abiotic colonization vectors. If these vectors are considered unlimited and colonization occurs in proportion to population size, then globally ubiquitous distributions are predicted to arise. This model contrasts with observations that many freshwater microalgal taxa possess true biogeographies. Here, using a concatenated multigene data set, we study the phylogeography of the freshwater heterokont alga <I>Synura petersenii sensu lato</I>. Our results suggest that this <I>Synura</I> morphotaxon contains both cosmopolitan and regionally endemic cryptic species, co-occurring in some cases, and masked by a common ultrastructural morphology. Phylogenies based on both proteins (seven protein-coding plastid and mitochondrial genes) and DNA (nine genes including ITS and 18S rDNA) reveal pronounced biogeographic delineations within phylotypes of this cryptic species complex while retaining one clade that is globally distributed. Relaxed molecular clock calculations, constrained by fossil records, suggest that the genus <I>Synura</I> is considerably older than currently proposed. The availability of tectonically relevant geological time (10<SUP>7</SUP>–10<SUP>8</SUP> years) has enabled the development of the observed, complex biogeographic patterns. Our comprehensive analysis of freshwater algal biogeography suggests that neither ubiquity nor endemism wholly explains global patterns of microbial eukaryote distribution and that processes of dispersal remain poorly understood.</P>