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Conclusions and Suggestions on Low-Dose and Low-Dose Rate Radiation Risk Estimation Methodology
Sakai, Kazuo,Yamada, Yutaka,Yoshida, Kazuo,Yoshinaga, Shinji,Sato, Kaoru,Ogata, Hiromitsu,Iwasaki, Toshiyasu,Kudo, Shin'ichi,Asada, Yasuki,Kawaguchi, Isao,Haeno, Hiroshi,Sasaki, Michiya The Korean Association for Radiation Protection 2021 방사선방어학회지 Vol.46 No.1
Background: For radiological protection and control, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) provides the nominal risk coefficients related to radiation exposure, which can be extrapolated using the excess relative risk and excess absolute risk obtained from the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). Materials and Methods: Since it is impossible to directly estimate the radiation risk at doses less than approximately 100 mSv only from epidemiological knowledge and data, support from radiation biology is absolutely imperative, and thus, several national and international bodies have advocated the importance of bridging knowledge between biology and epidemiology. Because of the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)'s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in 2011, the exposure of the public to radiation has become a major concern and it was considered that the estimation of radiation risk should be more realistic to cope with the prevailing radiation exposure situation. Results and Discussion: To discuss the issues from wide aspects related to radiological protection, and to realize bridging knowledge between biology and epidemiology, we have established a research group to develop low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation risk estimation methodology, with the permission of the Japan Health Physics Society. Conclusion: The aim of the research group was to clarify the current situation and issues related to the risk estimation of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation exposure from the viewpoints of different research fields, such as epidemiology, biology, modeling, and dosimetry, to identify a future strategy and roadmap to elucidate a more realistic estimation of risk against low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation exposure.
( Guochang Xu ),( Junya Yano ),( Shin-ichi Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-
Recycling of some minor but essential scarce metals used in vehicles may serve as an important strategy to strengthen sustainable management of natural resources. Accordingly, this study focuses on five precious metals (PMs): Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, and Rh, in parts of both end-of-life conventional and next-generation vehicles. To explore their recycling potentials (i.e. the amount of an embodied element that could be returned to material streams where its properties are utilized again functionally) in Japan, we developed substance flow and scenario analyses based on estimations of PM contents per end-of-life vehicle (ELV) and ELV generations. In total, six vehicle samples including hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle were considered, and we built five scenarios. The study predicts that in Japan, from 2015 to 2040, the content of PMs per ELV will range from 2 to 6 g, and the annual amount of PMs in ELVs will remain largely stable, at 14-15 t. It also estimates that, in Japan, totals of 33-53% (5-8 t) of PMs in ELVs were recycled in 2015, and that by selective dismantling (i.e. the dismantling process selectively focused on certain special items and providing intensive dismantling operations on them) of printed wire boards (PWBs) and heating wires in the rear windows of ELVs, the recycling potentials of PMs could be optimally increased to a maximum of 62-83% (9-11 t) by 2040. The range of PM contents is caused by vehicle type, while the range of recycling potentials mainly comes from vehicle number and scenario setting. The results of sensitivity analysis show that factors of emerging of some new parts containing PMs in nextgeneration vehicles might lead to certain unclear underestimation. Additionally, it was reported that about two-thirds of Pd in PWBs (mainly containing low-performance capacitors) in the market could be substituted by the more economical Ni since 2003. Consequently, the factor of substitution of PMs by other elements could reduce the recycling potential of platinum group metals by 13% in 2040. To future study, it is necessary to pay more attentions on monitoring the possible substitution of PMs or other scarce metals in vehicles and examining the adoption of new next-generation vehicle parts containing these scarce metals, owing to the underway evolution of the automotive industry.