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DEVELOPING THE CRUISE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS
James Seymour 세계문화관광학회 2007 Conference Proceedings Vol.8 No.0
One of the core challenges, facing the rapidly growing cruise tourism industry is the increasing demand by cruisers for new cruise destinations. One of the few areas that has not yet been effectively developed for cruise tourism is the East Coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of a feasibility study, which Tourism KwaZulu-Natal commissioned in 2001 and which was published in 2003, to assess the cruise tourismpotential of the East Coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands, and asubsequent implementation plan which was mobilised by Tourism KwaZulu-Natal tobegin to unleash this potential.
E.M. Seymour,Sarah K. Lewis,Daniel E. Urcuyo-Llanes,Ignasia I. Tanone,Ara Kirakosyan,Peter B. Kaufman,Steven F. Bolling 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.5
Obesity, systemic inflammation, and hyperlipidemia are among the components of metabolic syndrome, a spectrum of phenotypes that can precede the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Animal studies show that intake of anthocyanin-rich extracts can affect these phenotypes. Anthocyanins can alter the activity of tissue peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which affect energy substrate metabolism and inflammation. However, it is unknown if physiologically relevant, anthocyanin-containing whole foods confer similar effects to concentrated, anthocyanin extracts. The effect of anthocyanin-rich tart cherries was tested in the Zucker fatty rat model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. For 90 days, rats were pair-fed a higher fat diet supplemented with either 1% (wt/wt) freeze-dried, whole tart cherry powder or with a calorie- and macronutrient-matched control diet. Tart cherry intake was associated with reduced hyperlipidemia, percentage fat mass, abdominal fat (retroperitoneal) weight, retroperitoneal interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, and plasma IL-6 and TNF-α. Tart cherry diet also increased retroperitoneal fat PPAR-α and PPAR-γ mRNA (P=.12), decreased IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA, and decreased nuclear factor κB activity. In conclusion, in at-risk obese rats fed a high fat diet, physiologically relevant tart cherry consumption reduced several phenotypes of metabolic syndrome and reduced both systemic and local inflammation. Tart cherries may reduce the degree or trajectory of metabolic syndrome, thereby reducing risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
E. Mitchell Seymour,Ignasia I. Tanone,Daniel E. Urcuyo-Llanes,Sarah K. Lewis,Ara Kirakosyan,Michael G. Kondoleon,Peter B. Kaufman,Steven F. Bolling 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.12
Metabolic syndrome can precede the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and includes phenotypes such as obesity, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. A recent epidemiological study indicated that blueberry intake reduced cardiovascular mortality in humans, but the possible genetic mechanisms of this effect are unknown. Blueberries are a rich source of anthocyanins, and anthocyanins can alter the activity of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (PPARs), which affect energy substrate metabolism. The effect of blueberry intake was assessed in obesity-prone rats. Zucker Fatty and Zucker Lean rats were fed a higher-fat diet (45% of kcal) or a lower-fat diet (10% of kcal)containing 2% (wt/wt) freeze-dried whole highbush blueberry powder or added sugars to match macronutrient and calorie content. In Zucker Fatty rats fed a high-fat diet, the addition of blueberry reduced triglycerides, fasting insulin, homeostasis model index of insulin resistance, and glucose area under the curve. Blueberry intake also reduced abdominal fat mass,increased adipose and skeletal muscle PPAR activity, and affected PPAR transcripts involved in fat oxidation and glucose uptake/oxidation. In Zucker Fatty rats fed a low-fat diet, the addition of blueberry also significantly reduced liver weight, body weight, and total fat mass. Finally, Zucker Lean rats fed blueberry had higher body weight and reduced triglycerides, but all other measures were unaffected. In conclusion, whole blueberry intake reduced phenotypes of metabolic syndrome in obesityprone rats and affected PPAR gene transcripts in adipose and muscle tissue involved in fat and glucose metabolism.