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Schwier Nicholas,Zhang Kai,Nakamura Satoshi,Furukawa Seiichi 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.4
The ovoviviparous parasitoid, Drino inconspicuoides (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitizes a wide range of lepidop teran insects; larval period progresses in the host hemocoel. Here, we examined how D. inconspicuoides responds to melanization, which involves the activation of prophenoloxidases and is the first immune reaction induced by the host against invading organisms. We found that the larvae of D. inconspicuoides suppressed the activation of prophenoloxidases in its natural hosts, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bombyx mori (Lepi doptera: Bombycidae). The suppression of melanization starts immediately after invasion and is maintained for at least 24 h. We did not detect a drastic degradation of prophenoloxidases, suggesting that the presence of other molecules targeted by D. inconspicuoides suppresses melanization. D. inconspicuoides does not inhibit a cellular immune reaction, encapsulation, and thus, it is likely that the tachinids survive secondary infections of the host by partially retaining the host immune function.
Volatility of methylglyoxal cloud SOA formed through OH radical oxidation and droplet evaporation
Ortiz-Montalvo, D.L.,Schwier, A.N.,Lim, Y.B.,McNeill, V.F.,Turpin, B.J. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2016 Atmospheric environment Vol.130 No.-
<P>The volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed through cloud processing (aqueous hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation and droplet evaporation) of methylglyoxal (MGly) was studied. Effective vapor pressure and effective enthalpy of vaporization (Delta H-vap,H-eff) were determined using 1) droplets containing MGly and its oxidation products, 2) a Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOAG) system, and 3) Temperature Programmed Desorption Aerosol-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TPD Aerosol-CIMS). Simulated in-cloud MGly oxidation (for 10-30 min) produces an organic mixture of higher and lower volatility components with an overall effective vapor pressure of (4 +/- 7) x 10(-7) atm at pH 3. The effective vapor pressure decreases by a factor of 2 with addition of ammonium hydroxide (pH 7). The fraction of organic material remaining in the particle-phase after drying was smaller than for similar experiments with glycolaldehyde and glyoxal SOA. The Delta H-vap,H-eff of pyruvic acid and oxalic acid + methylglyoxal in the mixture (from TPD Aerosol-CIMS) were smaller than the theoretical enthalpies of the pure compounds and smaller than that estimated for the entire precursor/product mix after droplet evaporation. After 10 (even neutralized) will volatilize during droplet evaporation; neutralization and at least 80 min of oxidation at 10(-12) M (OH)-O-center dot (or >12 h at 10(-14) M) is needed before low volatility ammonium oxalate exceeds pyruvate. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>