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Khan, M.J.,Scaife, J.R.,Hovell, F.D. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7
Wheat straw samples (3-4 cm) were sprayed with solutions of urea (U) alone or with a dry addition of garden soil (GS), midden soil (MS), soya bean meal (SM) or jack bean meal (JM) as crude urease sources and with a pure urease (UR) enzyme. Each of the urease sources was included at two levels: 30 and 60 g/kg except pure urease, which was added at a level of 2.5 & 5.0 g/kg treated straw dry matter. Untreated straw without urease source was used as a control. After treatment, samples were sealed in polythene bags and stored for 2, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days at $19{^{\circ}C}$. The urease sources, their levels and treatment time produced significant effects on ammonia production (p<0.01). The addition of urease offered more flexibility in hydrolyzing urea in the shortest possible time. Incorporation of soya bean and jack bean meal was effective in reducing the modified acid detergent fiber (MADF) content of straw and the same time increasing organic matter (OM) digestibility. Overall effect, addition of soya bean to urea at a ratio of 1:1 appeared to be the most satisfactory urease source for the treatment of urea and wheat straw.
Kim, H.-M.,Ham, Y.-G.,Scaife, A.A. AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014 Journal of climate Vol.27 No.13
The prediction skill and errors in surface temperature anomalies in initialized decadal hindcasts from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are assessed using six ocean atmosphere coupled models initialized every year from 1961 to 2008. The initialized hindcasts show relatively high prediction skill over the regions where external forcing dominates, indicating that a large portion of the prediction skill is due to the long-term trend. After removing the linear trend, high prediction skill is shown near the centers of action of the dominant decadal climate oscillations, such as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Low prediction skill appears over the tropical and eastern North Pacific Ocean where the predicted anomaly patterns associated with the PDO are systematically different in model and observations. By statistically correcting those systematic errors using a stepwise pattern projection method (SPPM) based on the data in an independent training period, the prediction skill of sea surface temperature (SST) is greatly enhanced over the North Pacific Ocean. The SST prediction skill over the North Pacific Ocean after the SPPM error correction is as high as that over the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the prediction skill in a single model after correction exceeds the skill of the multimodel ensemble (MME) mean before correction, implying that the MME method is not as effective in addressing systematic errors as the SPPM correction.