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Shirin Hooshmand,Brittany Holloway,Tricia Nemoseck,Sarah Cole,Yumi Petrisko,Mee Young Hong,Mark Kern 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.9
Agave nectar is a fructose-rich liquid sweetener derived from a plant, and is often promoted as a low glycemic alternative to refined sugar. However, little scientific research has been conducted in animals or humans to determine its metabolic and/or health effects. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of agave nectar versus sucrose on weight gain, adiposity, fasting plasma blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels. Eighteen (n = 18) male ICR mice (33.8 – 1.6 g) were divided into two groups (n = 6 for agave nectar and n = 12 for sucrose) and provided free access to one of two diets of equal energy densities differing only in a portion of the carbohydrate provided. Diets contained 20% carbohydrate (by weight of total diet) from either raw agave nectar or sucrose. Epididymal fat pads were excised, and blood was collected after 34 days. Weight gain (4.3 – 2.2 vs. 8.4 – 3.4 g), fat pad weights (0.95 – 0.54 vs. 1.75 – 0.66 g), plasma glucose (77.8 – 12.2 vs. 111.0 – 27.9 mg/dL), and insulin (0.61 – 0.29 vs. 1.46 – 0.81 ng/mL) were significantly lower (P £ .05) for agave nectar-fed mice compared to sucrose-fed mice respectively. No statistically significant differences in total cholesterol or triglycerides were detected. These results suggest that in comparison to sucrose, agave nectar may have a positive influence on weight gain and glucose control. However, more research with a larger sample of animals and/or with human subjects is warranted.
The impact of parametrized convection on cloud feedback
Webb, Mark J.,Lock, Adrian P.,Bretherton, Christopher S.,Bony, Sandrine,Cole, Jason N. S.,Idelkadi, Abderrahmane,Kang, Sarah M.,Koshiro, Tsuyoshi,Kawai, Hideaki,Ogura, Tomoo,Roehrig, Romain,Shin, Yech The Royal Society Publishing 2015 Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical Vol.373 No.2054
<P>We investigate the sensitivity of cloud feedbacks to the use of convective parametrizations by repeating the CMIP5/CFMIP-2 AMIP/AMIP + 4K uniform sea surface temperature perturbation experiments with 10 climate models which have had their convective parametrizations turned off. Previous studies have suggested that differences between parametrized convection schemes are a leading source of inter-model spread in cloud feedbacks. We find however that ‘ConvOff’ models with convection switched off have a similar overall range of cloud feedbacks compared with the standard configurations. Furthermore, applying a simple bias correction method to allow for differences in present-day global cloud radiative effects substantially reduces the differences between the cloud feedbacks with and without parametrized convection in the individual models. We conclude that, while parametrized convection influences the strength of the cloud feedbacks substantially in some models, other processes must also contribute substantially to the overall inter-model spread. The positive shortwave cloud feedbacks seen in the models in subtropical regimes associated with shallow clouds are still present in the ConvOff experiments. Inter-model spread in shortwave cloud feedback increases slightly in regimes associated with trade cumulus in the ConvOff experiments but is quite similar in the most stable subtropical regimes associated with stratocumulus clouds. Inter-model spread in longwave cloud feedbacks in strongly precipitating regions of the tropics is substantially reduced in the ConvOff experiments however, indicating a considerable local contribution from differences in the details of convective parametrizations. In both standard and ConvOff experiments, models with less mid-level cloud and less moist static energy near the top of the boundary layer tend to have more positive tropical cloud feedbacks. The role of non-convective processes in contributing to inter-model spread in cloud feedback is discussed.</P>