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        Aldose Reductase: a cause and a potential target for the treatment of diabetic complications

        Sapna Thakur,Sonu Kumar Gupta,Villayat Ali,Priyanka Singh,Malkhey Verma 대한약학회 2021 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.44 No.7

        Diabetes mellitus, a disorder of metabolism,results in the elevation of glucose level in the blood. In thishyperglycaemic condition, aldose reductase overexpressesand leads to further complications of diabetes through thepolyol pathway. Glucose metabolism-related disorders arethe accumulation of sorbitol, overproduction of NADH andfructose, reduction in NAD + , and excessive NADPH usage,leading to diabetic pathogenesis and its complications suchas retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Accumulationof sorbitol results in the alteration of osmotic pressureand leads to osmotic stress. The overproduction of NADHcauses an increase in reactive oxygen species productionwhich leads to oxidative stress. The overproduction of fructosecauses cell death and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Apart from these disorders, many other complications havealso been discussed in the literature. Therefore, the articleoverviews the aldose reductase as the causative agent and apotential target for the treatment of diabetic complications. So, aldose reductase inhibitors have gained much importanceworldwide right now. Several inhibitors, like derivativesof carboxylic acid, spirohydantoin, phenolic derivatives,etc. could prevent diabetic complications are discussedin this article.

      • Analysis of T-Slot Loaded Disk Patch Antenna for Dual Band Operation with Small Frequency Ratio

        J. A. Ansari,Sapna Verma 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.8 No.3

        In this article, a dual band patch antenna is achieved by introducing T-slot in circular disk with small frequency ratio. It is theoretically investigated using equivalent circuit theory concept. The resonance frequency is found to be 1.84 and 2.02 GHz suitable for DCS-1800, PCS-1900 and IMT-2000 applications. The measured bandwidths at lower and upper resonances are found to be 6.59% and 6.89% respectively for proposed antenna specifications. The effect of slots dimension in the patch is studied. The frequency ratio is found to be 1.09. The maximum gain of the proposed antenna is found to be 6.52 dBi whereas efficiency is found to be 62.17% and 76.42% at lower and upper resonance frequencies respectively. The theoretical results are compared with simulated and measured results and they are in good agreement.

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