Comparative Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat Kernels in Korea

Sanghyun Shin,Jae-Han Son,Jong-Chul Park,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Young-mi Yoon,Young-Keun Cheong,Kyong-Ho Kim,Jong-Nae Hyun,Chul Soo Park,Ruth Dill-Macky,Chon-Sik Kang 한국식물병리학회 2018 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.34 No.5

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-cetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.

Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Korean 32 wheat cultivars harvested in 2011 and 2012

Sanghyun Shin,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Chon-Sik Kang,Jae-Han Son,Hag-Sin Kim,In-Duck Choi,Young-Jin Kim,Jong-Chul Park,Young-Keun Cheong,Choon-Ki Lee 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease problem on wheat and barley around the world. F. graminearum produces trichothecenes mycotoxins such as nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA). The objectives of this study were to survey the natural occurrence of FHB and mycotoxins of 32 Korean wheat cultivars grown in 2011-2012 seasons at the National institute of crop science, Iksan, Korea. There was great deal of rainfall and high humidity during flowering time in May 2011. FHB incidence was counted by Fusarium infected spikes per square meter. The samples of 32 wheat cultivar were collected. The grain and flour samples were to analysis for DON and NIV by gas chromatography and ZEA by high performance liquid chromatography. The result showed that the average of FHB incidence(%) per square meter in 2011 and 2012 were 4.2%, 0.5% respectively. There were significant cultivar differences for FHB incidence ranged from 0% to 24% in 2011. All of 32 wheat cultivars contained 9-2088 ng/g for NIV and ten wheat cultivars contained 5.7-8.5 ng/g for ZEA. In addition, DON concentration of Tapdong, Shinmichal1, and Hanbaek were 217, 35 and 683 ng/g respectively. However, the grain and flour sample harvested in 2012 showed that lower FHB incidence and NIV concentration. These results showed that the 32 wheat cultivars harvested in 2011 were heavily contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (NIV, DON, ZEA).

Agronomic characteristics of ninety stem rust resistance accessions from worldwide in 2013

Sanghyun Shin,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Chon-Sik Kang,Jae-Han Son,Hag-Sin Kim,In-Duck Choi,Young-Jin Kim,Jong-Chul Park,Young-Keun Cheong,Choon-Ki Lee 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

Stem rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici is historically one of the most important diseases of crops worldwide. The objective of this study was to screen the growth habits and yield of wheat accessions in Korea winter condition. We collected ninety stem rust resistant germplasms from USDA-Grain and planted for the characteristics of growth and yield in 2013. We measured the growth characteristics such as the plant type, leaf color, heading date, stem length, spike length, awn length, number of spikelet, number of tiller, and 1,000 kernel weight (g). Early maturity is most important wheat breeding target in double cropping system such as Korea. Heading dates of ninety cultivars ranged from May 17 to June 7. The Keumkang control cultivar headed on May 23. Heading dates of seventeen accessions had as early as Keumkang control (May 23). The numbers of semi-erect and intermediate type for growth habit were 45 and 33 respectively. The 1000 kernel weights were also measured. Mean 1000 kernel weights ranged from 16.7g (Webster) to 41.8g (123 A1C2). The average of stem length was 100.2cm and Keumkang was 58.4cm. These results showed that A4849-60P-7P-1P (Chile), MG 31492 (Ethiopia), 1338.F.6.C.3.B (Kenya), 1203 A1C2 (Kenya), and II-90-20/3-1R-1M- 3R (Mexico) were best lines for agronomic characteristic such as early heading date and grain yield

Transgenic <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> expressing a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase exhibit resistance to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol

Shin, Sanghyun,Torres-Acosta, Juan Antonio,Heinen, Shane J.,McCormick, Susan,Lemmens, Marc,Paris, Maria Paula Kovalsky,Berthiller, Franz,Adam, Gerhard,Muehlbauer, Gary J. Oxford University Press 2012 Journal of experimental botany Vol.63 No.13

<P>Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by <I>Fusarium graminearum</I>, is a devastating disease of small grain cereal crops. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). DON inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and acts as a virulence factor during fungal pathogenesis, therefore resistance to DON is considered an important component of resistance against FHB. One mechanism of resistance to DON is conversion of DON to DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G). Previous studies showed that expression of the UDP-glucosyltransferase genes <I>HvUGT13248</I> from barley and <I>AtUGt73C5</I> (<I>DOGT1</I>) from <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I> conferred DON resistance to yeast. Over-expression of <I>AtUGt73C5</I> in <I>Arabidopsis</I> led to increased DON resistance of seedlings but also to dwarfing of transgenic plants due to the formation of brassinosteroid-glucosides. The objectives of this study were to develop transgenic <I>Arabidopsis</I> expressing <I>HvUGT13248</I>, to test for phenotypic changes in growth habit, and the response to DON. Transgenic lines that constitutively expressed the epitope-tagged HvUGT13248 protein exhibited increased resistance to DON in a seed germination assay and converted DON to D3G to a higher extent than the untransformed wild-type. By contrast to the over-expression of <I>DOGT1</I> in <I>Arabidopsis</I>, which conjugated the brassinosteriod castasterone with a glucoside group resulting in a dwarf phenotype, expression of the barley <I>HvUGT13248</I> gene did not lead to drastic morphological changes. Consistent with this observation, no castasterone-glucoside formation was detectable in yeast expressing the barley <I>HvUGT13248</I> gene. This barley <I>UGT</I> is therefore a promising candidate for transgenic approaches aiming to increase DON and <I>Fusarium</I> resistance of crop plants without undesired collateral effects.</P>

Evaluation of wheat type I and II resistance to Fusarium head blight in the greenhouse and field

Sanghyun Shin,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Hag-Sin Kim,In-Duck Choi,Jong-Chul Park,Jong-Nae Hyun,Kee-Jong Kim,Chul Soo Park,Chon-Sik Kang 한국육종학회 2012 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2012 No.07

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley in Korea and around the world. We screened for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation and for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation. Sumai 3 was used the FHB resistant check. Three hundred and seventy lines were evaluated for resistance to spread of symptoms within spike (type II). The 2012 field screening with 300 wheat lines was located in Kimjae-si Joeonbuk Korea. All plots were inoculated twice. The first inoculation was applied at anthesis for wheat. The second inoculation was applied three days after the initial inoculation (dai) for each plot. The inoculum was F. graminearum (GZ3639) prepared at a concentration of 100,000 macroconidai/ml with Tween 20 added as a wetting agent. Mist-irrigation was applied from the first inoculation on May 7 till June 7 to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days after inoculation on 20 arbitrarily selected spikes per plot. FHB severity was determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets observed in these 20 spikes. Based on the field test, we could observe four categories of FHB severity: resistant (R: 0-20%), moderately resistant (MR: 21-40%), moderately susceptible (MS: 41-60%), and susceptible (S: 61-100%). The results showed that forty four lines showed the resistant category on FHB severity between 2.7% and 19.8%. In addition, ten lines showed similar FHB severity compared to Sumai 3 (9.9%).

A Simple Method for the Assessment of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Korean Wheat Seedlings Inoculated with Fusarium graminearum

Shin, Sanghyun,Kim, Kyeong-Hoon,Kang, Chon-Sik,Cho, Kwang-Min,Park, Chul Soo,Okagaki, Ron,Park, Jong-Chul The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.1

Fusarium head blight (FHB; scab) caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which are a major health concern for humans and animals. The objective of this research was to develop an easy seed or seedling inoculation assay, and to compare these assays with whole plant resistance of twenty-nine Korean winter wheat cultivars to FHB. The clip-dipping assay consists of cutting off the coleoptiles apex, dipping the coleoptiles apex in conidial suspension, covering in plastic bag for 3 days, and measuring the lengths of lesions 7 days after inoculation. There were significant cultivar differences after inoculation with F. graminearum in seedling relative to the controls. Correlation coefficients between the lesion lengths of clip-dipping inoculation and FHB Type II resistance from adult plants were significant (r=0.45; P<0.05). Results from two other seedling inoculation methods, spraying and pin-point inoculation, were not correlated with adult FHB resistance. Single linear correlation was not significant between seed germination assays (soaking and soak-dry) and FHB resistance (Type I and Type II), respectively. These results showed that clip-dipping inoculation method using F. graminearum may offer a real possibility of simple, rapid, and reliable for the early screening of FHB resistance in wheat.

Influence of Allelic Variations of Glutenin and Puroindloine on Flour Composition, Dough Rheology and Quality of White Salted Noodles from Korean Wheat Cultivars

Sanghyun Shin,Chon-Sik Kang,Ji -Ung Jeung,Byung-Kee Baik,Sun-Hee Woo,Chul Soo Park 한국육종학회 2012 한국육종학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Allelic variations in glutenin and puroindolines of 26 Korean wheat cultivars were evaluated to determine their effects on the physicochemical properties of flour and quality of white salted noodles. Cultivars carrying Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b exhibited a coarser particle size of wheat flour and a higher ash and damaged starch content than those with Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a. Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f, Glu-B3d and Pina-D1a alleles exhibited lower protein content than other alleles. Glu-A1c, Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f Glu-B3d, Glu-B3i and Pinb-D1b alleles appeared to be related to a lower SDS-sedimentation volume than other alleles. In dough rheological properties, Glu-A1a and Glu-D1d alleles showed a longer mixing time on the mixograph and maximum dough height but Glu-A3e and Glu-B3i alleles had a lower mixing time on the mixograph and a lower maximum dough height than other alleles at Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci. Regarding the quality of white salt noodles, about 10% of the variations in the hardness of cooked noodles were explained by Glu-A1 and Glu-B3 loci. Hardness rankings of cooked noodles were Glu-A1a > Glu-A1c > Glu-A1c at the Glu-A1 locus. Glu-B3h showed higher cooked noodle hardness (5.10 N) than other alleles at the Glu-B3 locus (< 4.66 N).

Evaluation of wheat type I and II resistance to Fusarium head blight in the greenhouse and field in 2013.

Sanghyun Shin,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Chon-Sik Kang,Jae-Han Son,Hag-Sin Kim,In-Duck Choi,Young-Jin Kim,Jong-Chul Park,Young-Keun Cheong,Choon-Ki Lee 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley around the world. The objectives of this study were to evaluate for FHB resistance under greenhouse and filed condition in 2012 and 2013. We screened for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation and for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation. Sumai 3 and Ning7840 were used the FHB resistant check. Five hundred and twelve lines were evaluated for resistance to initial infection (type I) and to spread of symptoms within spike (type II). The inoculum was F. graminearum (GZ3639) prepared at a concentration of 1 X 105 macroconidai/ml with Tween 20. The field screening plots were inoculated twice and mist-irrigation was applied to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days and determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets observed in 20 spikes. Both in the greenhouse and field test, we could observe five categories of FHB severity: resistant (R: 0-20%), moderately resistant (MR: 21-40%), moderate (M: 41-60%), moderately susceptible (MS: 61-80%), and susceptible (S: 81-100%). The results showed that seventy seven lines showed the R and MR category on FHB severity. In addition, nine lines showed similar FHB severity compared to Sumai 3 (13.3%).

Evaluation of Korean wheat cultivars for type I and II resistance to Fusarium head blight in 2013

Sanghyun Shin,Kyeong-Hoon Kim,Chon-Sik Kang,Jae-Han Son,Hag-Sin Kim,In-Duck Choi,Young-Jin Kim,Jong-Chul Park,Kyong-Ho Kim,Jong-Nae Hyun,Chul Soo Park,Kwang-Geun Park 한국육종학회 2013 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2013 No.07

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley in Korea. The objectives of this study were to evaluation of korean wheat cultivars for Type I and Type II resistance to FHB. We screened for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation and for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation. Sumai 3 was used the FHB resistant check. Thirty-two korean wheat cultivars were evaluated for resistance to spread of symptoms within spike. The 2013 field screening with wheat cultivar was located in Kimjae-si Joeonbuk Korea. All plots were inoculated twice. Mist-irrigation was applied to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days after inoculation on 20 arbitrarily selected spikes per plot. FHB severity was determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets. For FHB resistance, the average of FHB severity of Type I exhibited ranging from 21.9% to 77.2% and FHB severity of Type II ranging from 20.8% to 100%. Namhae, Milseong, Geuru, Joen, Anbaek and Sukang were the moderately resistant cultivars while Gobun, Alchan, Dajoong, Eunpa, Shinmichal1, Eunpa and Uri were the most susceptible cultivars for Type II resistance.

Comparative Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat Kernels in Korea

Shin, Sanghyun,Son, Jae-Han,Park, Jong-Chul,Kim, Kyeong-Hoon,Yoon, Young-mi,Cheong, Young-Keun,Kim, Kyong-Ho,Hyun, Jong-Nae,Park, Chul Soo,Dill-Macky, Ruth,Kang, Chon-Sik The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2018 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.34 No.5

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.