아리스토텔레스의 시민적 친애

김상돈 ( Kim¸ Sangdon ) 한국윤리학회(구 한국국민윤리학회) 2020 倫理硏究 Vol.131 No.1

아리스토텔레스에 의하면 친애(philia)는 쾌락에 근거한 친애, 이익에 근거한 친애, 덕에 근거한 친애, 세 종류가 있다. 이 중에서 쾌락에 근거한 친애와 덕에 근거한 친애는 시민적 친애가 될 수 없다. 본 논문은 이익에 근거한 친애가 아리스토텔레스가 시민의 화합과 결속을 위해 입법자가 관심을 가져야 한다고 말한 시민적 친애임을 주장한다. 아리스토텔레스에 의하면 국가는 덕을 추구하는 공동체인 동시에 공동의 이익을 추구하는 공동체다. 공동의 이익이 없다면 국가는 존립할 수 없으며, 정의는 곧 시민 전체의 공동의 이익이기 때문에 정의 실현을 위한 법은 공동의 이익을 위해 제정된다. 아리스토텔레스는 다수의 시민들이 친구가 될 수 있는 근거는 공동의 이익이라고 보았으며, 이익을 초월한 혹은 무관한 친애는 덕을 갖춘 소수의 ‘좋은 인간’ 사이에서만 가능하다고 보았다. 이를 통해 우리는 아리스토텔레스가 “정치제제에서 친애가 있는 만큼 정의가 있고, 정의가 있는 만큼 친애가 있다.”는 말의 진정한 의미를 파악하게 된다. 아리스토텔레스의 시민적 친애는 시민적 정의와 공존하는 친애이어야만 하며 그것은 이익에 근거한 친애다. According Aristotle, there are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on pleasure, friendship based on usefulness or profit and friendship based on virtue. Among them, friendship based on pleasure is not civic friendship because it is inconsistent above all. And friendship based on virtue cannot be civic friendship because it is based few virtuous human. State, polis, is composed of multitude citizens. This paper argues that friendship based on usefulness or profit must be Aristotle’s civic friendship. According him, polis basically is community for common good, that is, common profit of every citizen. Absolutely, polis also is community for virtue because it is supreme community for eudaimonia which is achieved by virtue. But Aristotle’s civic friendship must be interpreted as friendship based on profit. This paper proves by Aristotle’s justice. Aristotle insists that civic friendship in every polis or constitution appears as much as justice appears.

정의에 대한 트라시마코스의 ‘주장(logos)’과 ‘생각(doxa)’

김상돈 ( Kim¸ Sangdon ) 한국윤리학회 2021 倫理硏究 Vol.134 No.1

트라시마코스는 플라톤의 『국가』, 제1권에서 “정의는 강자의 이익이다.”라고 주장한다. 많은 학자들이 트라시마코스의 주장을 다양한 관점에서 해석하였다. 본 논문은 트라시마코스의 주장을 정확히 해석하기 위해서는 정의에 대한 그의 ‘주장(logos)’과 ‘생각(doxa)’을 구별해야 한다고 주장한다. 정의에 대한 트라시마코스의 주장과는 다른 그의 생각이 있다는 점을 드러내는 것은 소크라테스다. 소크라테스는 트라시마코스의 주장과 모순되는 그의 생각을 근거로 그의 주장을 논박한다. 본 논문은 트라시마코스의 주장과 소크라테스의 검토 및 논박 과정을 정밀히 분석하여 트라시마코스의 주장 속에 숨어 있는 그의 생각의 실체를 정확히 밝히고자 한다. 정의에 대한 트라시마코스의 주장과는 달리 그의 생각은 상식적 정의관을 대변한다. 하지만 그의 상식적 정의관은 현실에서 좌절되고 왜곡된다. 그래서 그는 정의는 강자의 이익이며 부정의한 사람이 정의로운 사람보다 더 행복하다고 주장했던 것이다. 정의에 대한 트라시마코스의 주장과 생각의 구별은 소크라테스와 트라시마코스의 논쟁의 해석을 위해서 그리고 플라톤의 『국가』의 전체 내용의 해석을 위해서 중요한 실마리를 제공한다. Thrasymachus insists that “justice is the profit of the stronger” in Plato’s Republic. Many scholars have interpreted his insistence on different perspectives. This paper argues that it is necessary for us to distinguish between his insistence, logos and his opinion, doxa about justice for the accurate interpretation of the meaning of Thrasymachus’ insistence. It is Socrates who catches and reveals Thrasymachus’ opinion about justice. Socrates disputes Thrasymachus’ insistence by pointing out the contradiction, that is, para doxa within his insistence. This paper illuminates Thrasymachus’ opinion about justice by scrutinizing the debates between Socrates and Thrasymachus. Thrasymachus’ opinion about justice represents and accords with common sense about justice. In Thrasymachus’ eyes, common sense about justice has been frustrated and justice as the stronger’s profit triumphs it. So, Thrasymachus cannot help but insist that justice is the profit of the stronger. The distinction between Thrasymachus’ argument, logos and his opinion, doxa about justice will play the key role in interpretation of Plato’s Republic as a whole.

The Diagnosis and Prescription for Cybersecurity in Korea: Focusing on Policy and System

( Sangdon Park ),( Il Hwan Kim ),( Jaehyoun Kim ),( Kyung Lyul Lee ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2018 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.12 No.2

Cybersecurity has emerged as a serious problem in Korea and there have been relevant movements to improve domestic cybersecurity policy and system. However, discussions have yet to result in actual progress and the legislation for improvement of cybersecurity policy and system have been stagnant until now. As evidenced by the introduction of primary government legislation bill for national cybersecurity in 2017, the preparations for improvements to the policy and system are still in progress. However, we cannot be positive about the possibility of implementing these improvements during the process. Recognition of the importance of cybersecutiry has gradually risen and is more prevalent than in years past, however, in-depth discussions are not being made. In principle, misunderstandings about cybersecurity itself and insufficient understandings of the relevant legislation seem to cause such problems. Therefore, it is necessary to review key issues related to the improvement of cybersecurity policy and system and reconsider tasks for the future. Such issues include the relationship between cybersecurity and fundamental rights, establishing responsibility and capability of each of entities for cybersecurity, and the role of the military in cybersecurity. This type of in-depth discussion will be helpful for finding ways to improve upon cybersecurity policy and system. Moreover, this study aims to key issues with questionnaire survey and political and normative inquiry.

Studies on Destruction of Microtoxins Compounds in Water

Sangdon Kim(김상돈),Hana Park(박하나),Soojung Jung(정수정),Sohyun Jo(조소현),Byungjin Lim(임병진),Kilseung Kim(김길성),Chulshin Yang(양철신),Dooil Jang(장두일),Youngjin Hyun(현영진),Youngsun Mok(목영선) 환경독성보건학회 2012 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2012 No.10

Calibration of the straightness and orthogonality error of a laser feedback high-precision stage using self-calibration methods

Kim, Dongmin,Kim, Kihyun,Park, Sang Hyun,Jang, Sangdon IOP Pub 2014 Measurement Science and Technology Vol.25 No.12

급성 Alcohol 중독시 뇌중 활성산소 생성에 미치는 영향

김동훈,최종원,황기욱,김회영,김상돈,이희정 慶星大學校 環境問題硏究所 1996 環境硏報 Vol.6 No.1

On the basis of some animal experiments it was generally until 20 years ago that liver disease of the alcoholic was due exclusively to malnutrition and not to direct toxic effects of alcohol itself. The presnet study was undertaken to investigate the following questions: whether ethanol added in vitro to isoated brain homogenates enhances oxygen radical formation, whether acute alcohol consumtion produces an increase in level oxygen radical in vrain and the importance of lipid peroxide changes in the brain of acute alcohol-fed mice and possible imbalance between generation and scavenger systems of free radical. The following observations were made: 1) Acute alcohol treated group enhanced the level of brain lipid peroxide conxentration. 2) Alcohol induced hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 of content and aminopyrine N- ndemet-hylase and aniline hydroxylase activities increased. 3) Xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase were not affexted by alcohol treatment. 4) Superoxide dismutase, catalse and glutathine peroxidase were not affexted by alcohol treatment. 5) Hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity was decreased by alcohol treatment. 6) ?-Glutamyl cystein synthetase activity was dexreased and glutathione reductase activity was not significantly efffected by alcohol treatment. 7) At in vitro test, alcohol and acetaldehyde added in test tube, acetaldehyde was significantly increased the level of brain lipid peroxide concentration and alcohol was not affexte. These results suggest that the mechanism of free radical formation at brain for the acute alcoho-treated if it were by due to generating and scavenging system, it's effext caused as a result of acetaldehyde.

운동부하시 간장중 지질과산화의 생성에 미치는 영향

김동훈,최종원,황기욱,김동영,이희정,김상돈 慶星大學校 環境問題硏究所 1996 環境硏報 Vol.6 No.1

It is wellknown that changes in physical fitness of an individual have profound physiological and biochemical effects on cardiovascular and skeletal muscle functions. Alterations in the concentration of hormones have also been associated with physical training programs. However, little known about the effects of physical training on the functional capacity of the hepatic drug metabolising enzyme system. We have studied the mechanism of lipid peroxidation formation by examing the induction of physical exercise. In blood, lactate dehydrogr\enase activity and pyruvate concentration in male mice exercised with physical training were significantly increased in comparison with control. Also, the concentration of lipid peroxide in hepatic tissue was significantly increased in comparison with control. Hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities were not significantly different from any other experimental group. Cytosolic xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities of physical exercise group were significanrtly increased in comparison with those of control group. Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and γ-glutamyl cystein synthetase activities were not significantly different from any other experimental group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase which are related to the free radical scavenging system were significantly decreased in physical exercise group. Consquently, it was suggested that the mechanism of lipid peroxide formation for the physical exercise if it were by reason of free radical generating and scavenging system.

Developing and Applying a Site-Specific Multimedia Fate Model to Address Ecological Risk of Oxytetracycline Discharged with Aquaculture Effluent in Coastal Waters

Woojung Kim(김우중),Jinhee Park(박진희),Jaehoon Yeom(염재훈),Sangdon Kim(김상돈) 환경독성보건학회 2016 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2016 No.10

행복과 도덕교육의 관계에 기초한 도덕과 교육 활성화 방안

김상돈(Sangdon Kim) 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 2011 도덕윤리과교육 Vol.- No.34

본 연구는 도덕과교육의 활성화 방안의 하나로서 행복 교육의 과학화를 탐색한다. 도덕과 교육의 강화는 교육 수요자인 학생과 학부모의 지지를 필요로 한다. 행복은 그러한 지지를 이끌어낼 수 있는 가장 효과적인 개념 중에 하나다. 도덕과교육이 학생들에게 행복을 가져다 줄 수 있다는 것을 과학적으로 증명할 수 있다면 도덕과교육의 정당성은 보다 확고해질 것이 다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식을 가지고 교과 내용으로서 행복 교육의 강화와 교수 학습 방법으로서 과학화의 결합을 적극적으로 추진해야 함을 주장한다. 도덕과교육의 미래 지향적 비전은 도덕적 삶의 이상 추구라는 이념적 관점과 아울러 도덕과교육의 실질적 효과의 증명 이라는 실증적 관점이 병행되어 진행되어야 한다. 이를 위해 최근 긍정심리학의 논의가 적극 적으로 활용될 가치가 있다. 본 연구는 심리학의 병리학적 집착으로부터 벗어나서 행복을 위 한 심리학으로의 변화를 주장하는 긍정심리학은 도덕과교육의 활성화에 적극적으로 기여할 수 있다고 보고 있다. In this paper, it is argued that in order to activate a Moral Subject Education in Korea, first it need to be scientific, second, it is worthy to apply the methods and contents of Positive Psychology. Most of all, the activation of it can be possible by the support of middle and high school students and their parents. This paper presupposes that the concept of happiness is very attractive to them for those support. Therefore, a Moral Subject Education should perform both their ultimate job of the pursuit of a moral ideal and their realistic job of the ensuring their happiness. For the these two job, Positive Psychology could be much utilized, in particular its VIA(Virtue In Action). Nevertheless, it should be noted that VIA accepts the neo-aristotelian approach in contemporary ethical theory and shares the virtue education, character education's theoretical premise. This means that a moral education using Positive Psychology needs to be complemented by the Kantian moral theory and the cognitive development moral education theory.

도덕과교육에서 도덕적 시민 교육의 학문적 근거와 내용 체계

김상돈(Sangdon Kim) 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 2009 도덕윤리과교육 Vol.- No.28

본 연구는 도덕과교육에서 도덕적 시민 교육의 위상, 학문적 근거 및 내용 체계에 관한 연구이다. 2007년 2월에 고시된 새로운 도덕과교육과정은 도덕적 시민 교육보다는 도덕적 인간 교육에 초점을 두고 있다. 하지만 도덕적 시민 교육은 역사적으로 도덕과교육에서 도덕적 인간 교육과 대등한 지위를 가지고 있었다. 인간과 국가의 필연적 관계는 도덕적 시민 교육의 이론적, 학문적 정당성을 옹호한다. 도덕적 시민 교육의 학문적 근거는 주로 정치철학을 중심으로 제시될 수 있다. 하지만 도덕적 인간 교육에 도덕철학이 유일한 학문적 근거가 될 수 없고, 도덕심리학이나 도덕사회학 등이 중요한 학문적 근거가 될 수 있는 것처럼, 도덕적 시민 교육에 있어서도 정치철학 외에 정치심리학, 정치사회학, 정치문화론 등이 학문적 근거가 될 수 있다. 도덕적 시민 교육의 학문적 근거가 풍부하게 제시될 수 있다면 도덕적 시민교육의 내용 역시 2007년 개정 도덕과교육과정의 그것보다는 더욱 풍부해져야 한다. 이러한 관점에서 본 논문은 도덕적 시민 교육의 내용 체계의 안을 제시하고 있다. The Purpose of this study is to articulate the status of moral citizen education, academic grounding and the contents of it. The new curriculum of moral subject education announced in 2007 is focused on moral man education rather than moral citizen education. However, the history of moral education in Korea shows that moral citizen education is equivalent with moral man education. The necessary relationship of man and state, too, justifies that. The grounding of moral citizen education is given primarily by political philosophy. But, other spheres of politics which have a normative message can be also serve as background of moral citizen education. This is as like as moral philosophy cannot be a sole academic source in moral man education. Moral man education should be supported a lot of science related with it, for example, moral psychology, moral socialization, etc. As like it, moral citizen education have varied spheres of politics, for example, political socialization, political psychology, and a theory of political culture. The revision of curriculum of moral citizen education is needed. In this paper, I will present a proposal for the contents of moral citizen education for it.