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지역난방 공동주택의 건축물 에너지절약 설계기준 강화에 따른 난방에너지 사용량 분석
이성우(Sung一Woo Lee),정광섭(Kwang-Seop Chung),김영일(Young-Il Kim) 한국지열·수열에너지학회 2011 한국지열에너지학회논문집 Vol.7 No.2
Since 1970s, energy-saving design criteria of buildings has been improved through numerous revisions. The purpose of this research is to show how energy saving design criteria affects heating energy consumption of apartments using district heating. Heating energy consumption has been measured in 4 apartments located in Gyeonggi province, Korea from Nov. 1, 2007 through Oct. 31, 2008. Collected data was regressed to linear correlations. Heating energy consumptions were calculated for past, present and future energy-saving design criteria, which are outdoor temperature, ventilation and insulation. The results show that present design criteria has reduced heating energy consumption by 15%, and the future criteria will reduce the energy consumption by 42% compared to the criteria before 2001.
The Effect on THE Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction by Polar Solvent Parameters
Sung, Dae-dong,Uhm, Tae-seop,Lee, Jong-pal,Ryu, Zoon-ha 東亞大學校 大學院 1987 大學院論文集 Vol.12 No.-
4-acetyl pyridine, 2-=methyl quinoline, 4-methyl quinoline 과 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride와의 친핵성치환반응의 반응속도자료로 부터 크기 순서는 4-acetyl pyridine>4-methyl quinoline>2-methyl quinoline임을 알 수 있었다. 전이상태에서 이탈기와 수소결합을 하는 정도를 나타내는 ?파라미터의 값은 모든 반응기질에서 대체로 크게 나타나고 methanol 용매속에서 가장 큰 증가를 보였다. ? 값은 큰 음(-)의 값을 보여 유전상수의 함수와 다른 극성 파라미터 값의 크기효과와 좋은 상관관계를 나타내었다.
Lee, Moo Joon,Jeong, Hae Jin,Kim, Jae Seong,Jang, Keon Kang,Kang, Nam Seon,Jang, Se Hyeon,Lee, Hak Bin,Lee, Sang Beom,Kim, Hyung Seop,Choi, Choong Hyeon The Korean Society of Phycology 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.4
Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have caused great economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries. To investigate the roles of metazooplankton in red tide dynamics of C. polykrikoides in the South Sea of Korea, the abundance of metazooplankton was measured at 60 stations over 1- or 2-week intervals from May to November 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant metazooplankton on red tide species and their potential heterotrophic protistan grazers were estimated by combining field data on the abundance of red tide species, heterotrophic protist grazers, and dominant metazooplankton with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species and heterotrophic protists. The mean abundance of total metazooplankton at each sampling time during the study was 297-1,119 individuals $m^{-3}$. The abundance of total metazooplankton was significantly positively correlated with that of phototrophic dinoflagellates (p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with water temperature, salinity, and the abundance of diatoms, euglenophytes, cryptophytes, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, tintinnid ciliates, and naked ciliates (p > 0.1). Thus, dinoflagellate red tides may support high abundance of total metazooplankton. Copepods dominated metazooplankton assemblages at all sampling times except from Jul 11 to Aug 6 when cladocerans and hydrozoans dominated. The calculated maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp. were 0.018 and $0.029d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not control populations of C. polykrikoides or Prorocentrum spp. Furthermore, the maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Polykrikos spp. and Gyrodinium spp., which were grazers on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp., respectively, were 0.008 and $0.047d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not reduce grazing impact by these heterotrophic dinoflagellate grazers on populations of the red tide dinoflagellates.
Carcass Characteristics and Profitability Analysis Based on Slaughter Age of Hanwoo Steers
( Sang Cheol Lee ),( Hyun Ho Choi ),( Jeong Seop Shin ),( Kyoung Hoon Kim ),( Young Kyoon Oh ),( Dong Won Cheon ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.4
This study analyzed optimal slaughter ages and carcass traits to investigate factors that affect farm incomes. Carcass characteristics and economical analysis of 81 Hanwoo steers previously tested(Expt. 1) and 5,826 steers from Gangwon-Do, area A(Expt. 2) were used. In Expt. 1, the strongest relationship was between the slaughter age and the carcass weight based on the R2 value, and the weakest relationship was between the slaughter age and the marbling score based on the R2. The slaughter age, marbling score, and rib-eye area of steers slaughtered from 26 to 31 months of age had a positive effect on income, but back fat thickness had a negative effect. In the economical analysis of Expt. 1, the optimal time for slaughter was 31 months of age. In Expt. 2, composed of steers slaughtered from 26 to 35 months of age in farms site of area A, the income was highest from steers slaughtered at 28 months of age, after which the income decreased. From the results of Expt. 1 and 2, it is evident that the optimal slaughter age of Hanwoo steers is affected by the genetic differences of calves, the feeding program and management, fattening skills, or carcass price. In order to improve the income of individual farms, the slaughter age must be precisely decided by understanding the exact relationship between the feeding cost of Hanwoo steers and slaughter results, such as carcass weight, yield grade and quality grade.
??-?? Borderline Mechanism by Nucleophilic Assistant Solvent
Sung, Dae-dong,Park, Hyun-seok,Lee, Jong-pal,Uhm, Tae-seop 東亞大學校 大學院 1987 大學院論文集 Vol.12 No.-
Extended Winstein-Grunwald 식에 의한 Sn1-Sn2 경계반응메카니즘을 알아보기 위하여 친핵성용매계인 DMSO-H₂O 혼합용매게에서 표준물질 methyl tosylate 로 nucleophilicity 를 구하고 이로부터 p-sybstituted benzyl bromide의 susceptibility, ℓ, m을 구하였다. 또한 intrinsic Winstein-Grunwald 식으로 구한 m값과도 비교하여 전이상태의 변화를 논으하였다. p-sybstituted benzyl bromide의 전이상태 구조는 Sn1-Sn2의 borderline mechanism의 saddle point에 위치함을 알 수 있었고 반응기질의 이탈기의 이탈능력의 척도가 될수 있는 ℓ값에 영향을 주는 용매의 nucleophilicity의 크기에 반응이 크게 의존함을 알 수 있었다.
Lee, Dong-Kyu,Kang, Min-Hyeok,Cha, Sang-Min,Kim, Jun-Seok,Oh, Jae-Seop Elsevier 2018 International journal of industrial ergonomics Vol.64 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We investigated the effects of intentional breath-holding also known as a valsalava maneuver on the kinematics of the lumbar spine, pelvis, hips, and knees, as well as electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk muscle during patient transfer with and without knee flexion. The kinematics of the lumbar spine, pelvis, hip, and knee were recorded using a synchronized 3-D motion capture system. Surface EMG was used to assess the activity of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), erector spinae (ES), and rectus femoris (RF). There was a significant difference in the peak angle of the lumbar spine (η2 = 0.644–0.600), pelvis (η2 = 0.514–0.294), hips (η2 = 0.897–0.746), and knees (η2 = 0.977–0.870), as well as in normalized EMG activity of the EO (η2 = 0.543–0.501), IO (η2 = 0.619–0.460), ES (η2 = 0.567–0.195), and RF (η2 = 0.607–0.144) (except for the RF in the lowering phase, p = 0.10), between the different types of patient transfer, in both the lifting and lowering phases (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that intentional breath-holding during patient transfer contributes to decreased lumbar flexion and ES activity, thus potentially preventing low back injury. However, individuals with a history of heart and cardiovascular disease are advised to avoid the valsalava maneuver.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The intentional breath-holding during patient transfer contributes to decreased lumbar flexion and ES activity. </LI> <LI> The intentional breath-holding resulted in a significant increase in abdominal muscle activity. </LI> <LI> The peak angle of lumbar flexion did not a significant difference between intentional breath-holding and knee flexion. </LI> </UL> </P>
Lee, Hyungsoo,Jo, Min Chul,Sohn, Seok Su,Kim, Sang-Heon,Song, Taejin,Kim, Sung-Kyu,Kim, Hyoung Seop,Kim, Nack J.,Lee, Sunghak Elsevier 2019 Materials characterization Vol.147 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The weldability is one of the key factors governing applications of TWinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels to automotive industries demanding high economy, environmental friendliness, and high performance. During spot welding of Zn-coated Al-containing TWIP steel sheets, liquid metal embrittlement (LME) frequently occurs by Zn infiltration into grain boundaries to form cracks, but the direct observation and detailed analysis of LME cracking are quite difficult because it occurs instantaneously within a second. Here in the present study, the LME was investigated by detailed microstructural evolutions of small Zn infiltrations or cracks as well as formation behavior of various intermetallic phases. In the heat-affected zone, the applied tensile stress and spot-welding heat tore down a diffusion-inhibiting Fe<SUB>2</SUB>Al<SUB>5</SUB> layer formed between the Zn-coated layer and the TWIP steel substrate, and formed Zn-containing ferrite (α-Fe(Zn)) particles on the steel surface which provided paths for liquid Zn infiltration. α-Fe(Zn) particles played critical roles in accelerating the LME by reducing the ductility because they were brittle due to high contents of Zn and Al. In the present Al-containing TWIP steels, the increase in welding current generally aggravates the LME.</P>