http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Hot Populations in M87 Globular Clusters
Sohn, Sangmo T.,O'Connell, Robert W.,Kundu, Arunav,Landsman, Wayne B.,Burstein, David,Bohlin, Ralph C.,Frogel, Jay A.,Rose, James A. American Institute of Physics 2006 The Astronomical journal Vol.131 No.2
<P>To explore the production of UV-bright stars in old, metal-rich populations like those in elliptical galaxies, we have obtained Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph far- and near-UV photometry of globular clusters (GCs) in four fields in the giant elliptical (gE) galaxy M87. To a limit of m<SUB>FUV</SUB> ~ 25 we detect a total of 66 GCs in common with the deep HST optical-band study of Kundu et al. Despite strong overlap in V- and I-band properties, the M87 GCs have UV-optical properties that are distinct from clusters in the Milky Way and in M31. M87 clusters, especially metal-poor ones, produce larger hot horizontal-branch populations than do Milky Way analogs. In color plots including the near-UV band, the M87 clusters appear to represent an extension of the Milky Way sequence. Cluster mass is probably not a factor in these distinctions. The most metal-rich M87 GCs in our sample are near solar metallicity and overlap the local E galaxy sample in estimated Mg<SUB>2</SUB> line indices. Nonetheless, the clusters produce much more UV light at a given Mg<SUB>2</SUB>, being up to 1 mag bluer than any gE galaxy in (FUV - V) color. The M87 GCs do not appear to represent a transition between Milky Way-type clusters and E galaxies. The differences are in the correct sense if the clusters are significantly older than the E galaxies.</P><P>Comparisons with Galactic open clusters indicate that the hot stars lie on the extreme horizontal branch, rather than being blue stragglers, and that the extreme horizontal branch becomes well populated for ages ≳5 Gyr. Existing model grids for clusters do not match the observations well, due to poorly understood giant branch mass loss or perhaps high helium abundances. We find that 41 of our UV detections have no optical-band counterparts. Most appear to be UV-bright background galaxies seen through M87. Eleven near-UV variable sources detected at only one epoch in the central field are probably classical novae. Two recurrent variable sources have no obvious explanation but could be related to activity in the relativistic jet.</P>
Yoon, Suk-Jin,Sohn, Sangmo T.,Kim, Hak-Sub,Chung, Chul,Cho, Jaeil,Lee, Sang-Yoon,Blakeslee, John P. IOP Publishing 2013 The Astrophysical journal Vol.768 No.2
<P>Color distributions of globular clusters (GCs) in most massive galaxies are bimodal. Assuming linear color-to-metallicity conversions, bimodality is viewed as the presence of merely two GC subsystems with distinct metallicities, which serves as a critical backbone of various galaxy formation theories. Recent studies, however, revealed that the color-metallicity relations (CMRs) often used to derive GC metallicities (e. g., CMRs of g-z, V-I, and C-T-1) are in fact inflected. Such inflection can create bimodal color distributions if the underlying GC metallicity spread is simply broad as expected from the hierarchical merging paradigm of galaxy formation. In order to test the nonlinear-CMR scenario for GC color bimodality, the u-band photometry is proposed because the u-related CMRs (e. g., CMRs of u-g and u-z) are theoretically predicted to be least inflected and most distinctive among commonly used optical CMRs. Here, we present Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/WFC3 F336W (u-band) photometry of the GC system in M84, a giant elliptical in the Virgo galaxy cluster. Combining the u data with the existing HST ACS/WFC g and z data, we find that the u-z and u-g color distributions are different from the g-z distribution in a very systematic manner and remarkably consistent with our model predictions based on the nonlinear-CMR hypothesis. The results lend further confidence to the validity of the nonlinear-CMR scenario as an explanation for GC color bimodality. There are some GC systems showing bimodal spectroscopic metallicity, and in such systems the inflected CMRs often create stronger bimodality in the color domain.</P>
PROBING THE INTERMEDIATE-AGE GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN NGC 5128 FROM ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS
Rey, Soo-Chang,Sohn, Sangmo T.,Beasley, Michael A.,Lee, Young-Wook,Rich, R. Michael,Yoon, Suk-Jin,Yi, Sukyoung K.,Bianch, Luciana,Kang, Yongbeom,Lee, Kyeongsook,Chung, Chul,Lee, Sang-Yoon,Barlow, Tom IOP Publishing 2009 ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS - Vol.700 No.1
<P>We explore the age distribution of the globular cluster ( GC) system of the nearby elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 using ultraviolet (UV) photometry from GALEX observations, with UV-optical colors used as the age indicator. Most GCs in NGC 5128 follow the general trends of GCs in M31 and the Milky Way in the UV-optical color color diagram, which indicates that the majority of GCs in NGC 5128 are old similar to the age range of old GCs in M31 and the Milky Way. A large fraction of spectroscopically identified intermediate-age GC (IAGC) candidates with similar to 3-8 Gyr are not detected in the far-UV (FUV) passband. Considering the nature of intermediate-age populations being faint in the FUV passband, we suggest that many of the spectroscopically identified IAGCs may be truly intermediate in age. This is in contrast to the case of M31 where a large fraction of spectroscopically suggested IAGCs are detected in FUV and therefore may not be genuine IAGCs but rather older GCs with developed blue horizontal branch stars. Our UV photometry strengthens the results previously suggesting the presence of GC and stellar subpopulation with intermediate age in NGC 5128. The existence of IAGCs strongly indicates the occurrence of at least one more major star formation episode after a starburst at high redshift.</P>
Yoon, Suk-Jin,Sohn, Sangmo T.,Lee, Sang-Yoon,Kim, Hak-Sub,Cho, Jaeil,Chung, Chul,Blakeslee, John P. IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.743 No.2
<P>The optical color distributions of globular clusters (GCs) in most large elliptical galaxies are bimodal. Based on the assumed linear relationship between GC colors and their metallicities, the bimodality has been taken as evidence of two GC subsystems with different metallicities in each galaxy and has led to a number of theories in the context of galaxy formation. More recent observations and modeling of GCs, however, suggests that the color-metallicity relations (CMRs) are inflected, and thus colors likely trace metallicities in a nonlinear manner. The nonlinearity could produce bimodal color distributions from a broad underlying metallicity spread, even if it is unimodal. Despite the far-reaching implications, whether CMRs are nonlinear and whether the nonlinearity indeed causes the color bimodality are still open questions. Given that the spectroscopic refinement of CMRs is still very challenging, we here propose a new photometric technique to probe the possible nonlinear nature of CMRs. In essence, a color distribution of GCs is a 'projected' distribution of their metallicities. Since the form of CMRs hinges on which color is used, the shape of color distributions varies depending significantly on the colors. Among other optical colors, the u-band related colors (e. g., u-g and u-z) are theoretically predicted to exhibit significantly less inflected CMRs than other preferred CMRs (e. g., for g-z). As a case study, we performed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/WFPC2 archival u-band photometry for the M87 (NGC 4486) GC system with confirmed color bimodality. We show that the u-band color distributions are significantly different from that of g-z and consistent with our model predictions. With more u-band measurements, this method will support or rule out the nonlinear CMR scenario for the origin of GC color bimodality with high confidence. The HST/WFC3 observations in F336W for nearby large elliptical galaxies are highly anticipated in this regard.</P>