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Ryan De Sotto,Carl Medriano,Youngja Park,Sungpyo Kim 한국방재학회 2015 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.14 No.-
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has led to apparent toxicity with different aquatic species. Clarithromycin, for example, is used in treating respiratory tract infections, has been recently found in the surface waters and rivers which might threaten non-targeted organisms in these matrices. In this study, a model vertebrate Danio rerio (zebrafish) was exposed to 100ppb clarithromycin for 72 hours to evaluate acute toxicity through significantly affected metabolic compounds in the fish’s pathway. Metabolites obtained from q-TOF LC/MS were identified and mapped with the zebrafish’s metabolic pathway using Metlin, and KEGG respectively. 335 compounds are believed to have been significantly altered by the acute exposure of the antibiotic with the fish. The most affected pathways are ABC transporters, steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. With the said findings, it can be concluded that, although concentration of some pharmaceuticals may be as low as the one used in this study, its effects on the aquatic species exposed to it might be significant and should be given immediate attention
Sotto, Ryan B. De,Medriano, Carl D.,Cho, Yunchul,Kim, Hyuk,Chung, In-Young,Seok, Kwang-Seol,Song, Kyung Guen,Hong, Seok Won,Park, Youngja,Kim, Sungpyo Elsevier 2017 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.339 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Antibiotics in the aquatic environment are dispersed through anthropogenic activities at low concentrations. Despite their sub lethal concentration, these biologically active compounds may still have adverse effects to non-target species. This study examined the response of adult zebrafish to 0.1mg/L concentration of clarithromycin, florfenicol, sulfamethazine, and their mixture using environmental metabolomics. Embryo and larvae of the fish were also used to assess fish embryo acute toxicity and behavior tests respectively. The fish embryo toxicity test did not show any inhibition of growth and development of the embryos after 96h of exposure to the antibiotics. Changes in swimming activity were seen in 5-dpf larvae which is believed to be correlated with the length of exposure to the compounds. Meanwhile, environmental metabolomics revealed diverse metabolites and pathways that were affected after 72h of exposure of the adult fish to sub-lethal concentration of the compounds. We found that even at low concentration of the antibiotics, behavioral and metabolic effects were still observed despite the lack of visible morphological changes. Further studies involving other aquatic organisms and bioactive compounds are encouraged to strengthen the findings presented in this novel research.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Individual and mixture of antibiotics at 0.1mg/L did not impair growth of embryos. </LI> <LI> Zebrafish larvae preferred blue over yellow regardless of antibiotic’s presence. </LI> <LI> Swimming behavior of 5-dpf larvae significantly changed relative to exposure time. </LI> <LI> Metabolites choline, guanosine, and ADP were regulated in the exposed zebrafish. </LI> <LI> Antibiotics’ mechanism of action seems to play a role in zebrafish’s metabolism. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>