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Is nP Part of Universal Grammar?
Paweł Rutkowski 세종대학교 언어연구소 2012 Journal of Universal Language Vol.13 No.2
Rutkowski & Progovac (2005) propose to analyze the postnominal placement of classifying adjectives in Polish as resulting from N-movement. Rutkowski (2007a) modifies this account by arguing for a special structural layer (nP) projected immediately above NP, whose head (n°―‘little’ or ‘light’ N) attracts the noun in classifying structures. The goal of the present paper is to discuss the status of nP in more detail and to extend the nP analysis to other nominal constructions―both in Polish and crosslinguistically.
Rutkowski, Michael J.,Jeong, Hyunjin,Cohen, Seth H.,Kaviraj, Sugata,Windhorst, Rogier A.,Ryan Jr., Russell E.,Koekemoer, Anton,Yi, Sukyoung K.,Hathi, Nimish P.,Dopita, Michael A. IOP Publishing 2014 The Astrophysical journal Vol.796 No.2
<P>We present an analysis of the stellar populations of 102 visually selected early-type galaxies (ETGs) with spectroscopic redshifts (0.35 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 1.5) from observations in the Early Release Science program with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We fit one-and two-component synthetic stellar models to the ETGs UV-optical-near-IR spectral energy distributions and find that a large fraction (similar to 40%) are likely to have experienced a minor (f(YC) less than or similar to 10% of stellar mass) burst of recent (t(YC) less than or similar to 1 Gyr) star formation. The measured age and mass fraction of the young stellar populations do not strongly trend with measurements of galaxy morphology. We note that massive (M > 10(10.5) M-circle dot) recent star-forming ETGs appear to have larger sizes. Furthermore, high-mass, quiescent ETGs identified with likely companions populate a distinct region in the size-mass parameter space, in comparison with the distribution of massive ETGs with evidence of recent star formation (RSF). We conclude that both mechanisms of quenching star formation in disk-like ETGs and (gas-rich, minor) merger activity contribute to the formation of young stars and the size-mass evolution of intermediate redshift ETGs. The number of ETGs for which we have both HST WFC3 panchromatic (especially UV) imaging and spectroscopically confirmed redshifts is relatively small, therefore, a conclusion about the relative roles of both of these mechanisms remains an open question.</P>
On the Universal Neuropsychological Basis of the Syntax of Numerals
Rutkowski, Pawel Institute for University Language Sejong Instituti 2003 Journal of Universal Language Vol.4 No.2
The aim of this paper is to relate certain properties of linguistic numeral systems to universal principles of human cognition/perception. As has been noted in the literature (c.f., Greenberg 1978; Ifrah 1985; Hurford 1975, 2001), in many unrelated languages all around the world, numerals referring to cardinalities in the range of 'one' to 'four' differ considerably from higher numerals. It seems that the facts in question can be explained only by means of referring to some 'extralinguistic', universal factors-i.e., to factors that are not part of the language viewed as a closed system of purely arbitrary signs. The analysis argued for in the present paper will relate to the neuropsychological work by Cowan (2001). Basing his arguments independent of any linguistic data, Cowan (2001) suggests that there exists something what he calls 'the magical number four', which constrains human perception skills. He presents a wide variety of data on short-term memory capacity limits and shows that, if factors such as rehearsal and long-term memory are not used to combine stimulus items into chunks, a central short-term memory capacity limit averages to contain about four items. This means that the cardinalities 'one' to 'four' can be perceived independently from actual counting. In this paper, I will attempt to show that this universal property of human perception has influenced the development of many numeral systems. Only the lowest numerals seem to be part of the basic human vocabulary (they appear in most languages of the world-c.f., Ifrah 1985, Dixon 1980); numerals higher than 'four' were introduced to languages only when the speakers of those languages developed arithmetic. These different origins have resulted in different morphosyntactic properties.
Paweł Rutkowski,Sylwia Łozińska 세종대학교 언어연구소 2016 Journal of Universal Language Vol.17 No.1
The aim of this paper is to analyze the underlying order of major sentential constituents (the verb and its arguments) in Polish Sign Language (polski język migowy, PJM). Although the issue of sign language sentence structure has been present in the literature for more than 30 years now, no satisfactory account thereof has yet been proposed in the case of PJM. Since visual-spatial communication is not fully linear, the importance (or even presence) of basic word order has gone unnoticed in most early accounts of the linguistic properties of PJM. We analyze the issue of argument linearization on the basis of empirical material extracted from a corpus of PJM which is being compiled at the University of Warsaw, Poland. Although a thorough description has yet to be produced, our data show that PJM does have its own rules of ordering sentential constituents. We conclude that PJM should be classified as an SVO language.
From Demonstratives to Copulas:A Cross-Linguistic Perspective and the Case of Polish
Paweł Rutkowski 세종대학교 언어연구소 2006 Journal of Universal Language Vol.7 No.2
This paper aims to clarify the syntactic status of the element to which appears in Polish copular expressions. The word to has recently been analyzed as a verb, see Linde-Usiekniewicz (2006); however, from the historical point of view, it clearly derives from a demonstrative pronoun. In the present article, I attempt to set the discussion of Polish to-constructions against a broader, cross-linguistic perspective. I provide an overview of a number of syntactic properties that characterize copulas derived from pronouns in other languages. I follow Li & Thompson (1977) in assuming that a demonstrative may be (diachronically) reanalyzed as a copula if the nominal structure that precedes it changes its status from a left-dislocated topic to the subject of the whole copular expression. I conclude that this reanalysis has not yet taken place in Polish; therefore, I argue that the element to should not be interpreted as a copula.
Krzysztof Szade,Ewa Zuba-Surma,Andrzej J. Rutkowski,Alicja Jozkowicz,Jozef Dulak 한국분자세포생물학회 2011 Molecules and cells Vol.31 No.6
Bone marrow-derived cells have been postulated as a source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, the whole fraction of MSC remains heterogeneous and the expansion of primitive subset of these cells is still not well established. Here, we optimized the protocol for propagating the low-adherent subfraction of MSC which results in long-term expansion of population characterized by CD45^-CD14^+CD34^+ phenotype along with expression of common MSC markers. We established that the expanded MSC are capable of differentiating into endothelial cells highly expressing angiogenic markers and exhibiting functional properties of endothelium. Moreover,we found these cells to be multipotent and capable of giving rise into cells from neuronal lineages. Interestingly, the expanded MSC form characteristic cellular spheres in vitro indicating primitive features of these cells. In sum, we isolated the novel multipotent subpopulation of CD45^-CD14^+CD34^+ bone marrow-derived cells that could be maintained in long-term culture without losing this potential.
조종호,Wei Zhou,최윤라,선종무,최혜주,김태은,Marisa Dolled-Filhart,Kenneth Emancipator,Mary Anne Rutkowski,김진국 대한암학회 2018 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.50 No.1
Purpose Data are limited on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between PD-L1 expression and recurrencefree survival (RFS) and overall survival in 319 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who were treated at Samsung Medical Center from 2006 to 2014. Membranous PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was measured using the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx antibody and reported as tumor proportion score (TPS). Kaplan-Meier methods, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards models were used for survival analysis. Results All patients had ! 1 EGFR mutation—54% in exon 19 and 39% in exon 21. Overall, 51% of patients had PD-L1–positive tumors. The prevalence of PD-L1 positivity was higher among patients with stages II-IV versus stage I disease (64% vs. 44%) and among patients with other EGFR mutations (75%) than with L858R mutation (39%) or exon 19 deletion (52%). PD-L1 positivity was associated with shorter RFS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 2.84; median, 18 months) for the PD-L1 TPS ! 50% group, 1.51 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.21; median, 31 months) for the PD-L1 TPS 1%-49% group, and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.18) for the combined PD-L1–positive groups (TPS ! 1%) compared with the PD-L1–negative group (median, 35 months). Conclusion PD-L1 expression is associated with disease stage and type of EGFR mutation. PD-L1 positivity might be associated with worse RFS among patients with surgically treated EGFRmutant NSCLC.