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Lee, Chun Geun,Hartl, Dominik,Lee, Gap Ryol,Koller, Barbara,Matsuura, Hiroshi,Da Silva, Carla A.,Sohn, Myung Hyun,Cohn, Lauren,Homer, Robert J.,Kozhich, Alexander A.,Humbles, Alison,Kearley, Jennifer The Rockefeller University Press 2009 The Journal of experimental medicine Vol.206 No.5
<P>Mouse breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39; Chi3l1) and its human homologue YKL-40 are chitinase-like proteins that lack chitinase activity. Although YKL-40 is expressed in exaggerated quantities and correlates with disease activity in asthma and many other disorders, the biological properties of BRP-39/YKL-40 have only been rudimentarily defined. We describe the generation and characterization of BRP-39<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice, YKL-40 transgenic mice, and mice that lack BRP-39 and produce YKL-40 only in their pulmonary epithelium. Studies of these mice demonstrated that BRP-39<SUP>−/−</SUP> animals have markedly diminished antigen-induced Th2 responses and that epithelial YKL-40 rescues the Th2 responses in these animals. The ability of interleukin13 to induce tissue inflammation and fibrosis was also markedly diminished in the absence of BRP-39. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that BRP-39 and YKL-40 play an essential role in antigen sensitization and immunoglobulin E induction, stimulate dendritic cell accumulation and activation, and induce alternative macrophage activation. These proteins also inhibit inflammatory cell apoptosis/cell death while inhibiting Fas expression, activating protein kinase B/AKT, and inducing Faim 3. These studies establish novel regulatory roles for BRP-39/YKL-40 in the initiation and effector phases of Th2 inflammation and remodeling and suggest that these proteins are therapeutic targets in Th2- and macrophage-mediated disorders.</P>
EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES UNDER THE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM
Mohammed F Khayum,Jong C Rhim,Robert J Hartl People&Global Business Association 1996 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.1 No.1
The shape of foreign exchange probability distributions is important in practical applications of theoretical models of international finance. This paper extends previous analyses of the shape of exchange rate distributions by considering a wider range of candidate processes. The results indicate that the logistic distribution provides the best representation of currency returns for four major currencies (the German mark, Japanese yen, Canadian dollar and British pound) against the U. S. dollar between January 1973 and July 1995. These results are significant because they show that in spite of the apparent increase in exchange rate variability during the 1980s and 1990s there has been a stable underlying distribution for major currencies.
EMPIICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES UNDER THE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM
Mohammed F. Khayum,Jong C. Rhim,Robert J. Hartl 사람과세계경영학회 1996 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.1 No.1
The shape offoreign exchange probability distributions is important in practical applications oftheoretical models ofinternationalfinance. This paper extends previous analyses ofthe shape ofexchange rate distributions by considering a wider range ofcandidate processes. The results indicate that the logistic distribution provides the best representation ofcurrency returnsforfour major currencies (the German mark, Japanese yen, Canadian dollar and British pound) against the U. S. dollar between January 1973 and July 1995. These results are significant because they show that in spite ofthe apparent increase in exchange rate variability during the 1980s and J990s there has been a stable underlying distribution for major currencies.