Targeting synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Nistic?, Robert,Pignatelli, Marco,Piccinin, Sonia,Mercuri, Nicola B,Collingridge, Graham Humana Press 2012 Molecular neurobiology Vol.46 No.3

<P>In the past years, major efforts have been made to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been translated into extensive experimental approaches aimed at slowing down or halting disease progression. Advances in transgenic (Tg) technologies allowed the engineering of different mouse models of AD recapitulating a range of AD-like features. These Tg models provided excellent opportunities to analyze the bases for the temporal evolution of the disease. Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of AD and that synapse loss is a pathological correlate associated with cognitive decline. Therefore, the phenotypic characterization of these animals has included electrophysiological studies to analyze hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, a widely recognized cellular model for learning and memory. Transgenic mice, along with non-Tg models derived mainly from exogenous application of Aβ, have also been useful experimental tools to test the various therapeutic approaches. As a result, numerous pharmacological interventions have been reported to attenuate synaptic dysfunction and improve behavior in the different AD models. To date, however, very few of these findings have resulted in target validation or successful translation into disease-modifying compounds in humans. Here, we will briefly review the synaptic alterations across the different animal models and we will recapitulate the pharmacological strategies aimed at rescuing hippocampal plasticity phenotypes. Finally, we will highlight intrinsic limitations in the use of experimental systems and related challenges in translating preclinical studies into human clinical trials.</P>

자기공명 분석법을 이용한 백서 피판의 대사에 대한 연구

이윤,이대근,임태환,윤근철,고경석,이춘신,정복성 대한성형외과학회 1992 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.19 No.3

Innumerable techniques have been used to measure, index, or predict the viability of skin flaps after elevation. However, these are largely indirect and don't accurately reflect the events that occur at kthe cellular level. A method was sought that gives direct, reproducible, and accurate data about physiological and biochemical changes that occur during flap elevation. Because of its ability to monitor changes in the levels of high energy phosphorus metabolites(ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, PC or phosphocreatine, Pi or inorganic phosphate), 31-P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) holds promise of providing direct assessment of the metabolic status and biochemical changes that occur during skin flap elevation. MRS monitoring was performed on three portions of raised random pattern skin flaps of 5 rats. The spectrometer used for 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was a Bruker Biospec(4.7 Tesla) system, and a modified surface coil constructed of two layers of copper coil was used. The results have validated the ability of 31-P MRS to : 1. define the regional flxes in the levels of ATP, PCr, and Pi in skin flaps. 2. demonstrate that, of these, PCr levels represent the most sensitive indicator of flap well being. 3. measure intracellular pH through the chemical shift of the Pi resonance. 4. establish predictive correlations between profile of normal, compromised, and failing skin flaps and have thus prepared the way for noninvasive in vivo topical magnetic resonance investigations of flaps.

Robert T. Oliver : Visionary in Intercultural Communication

Robert Shuter 한국광고PR실학회 2011 광고PR실학연구 Vol.4 No.1

로버트 올리버(Robert T. Oliver)는 수사학과 커뮤니케이션 분야의 선각자이자, 문화 간 커뮤니케이션에서 아시아 중심적 접근법을 사용한 선구자였으며, 1940∼1950년대 초창기 대한민국의 발전에 영향을 미친 중요한 인물이다. 이 논문에서는 올리버 교수가 문화 간 커뮤니케이션 연구에 기여한 네 가지 영향을 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 즉, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에서 유럽 중심적 편향에 대한 비판, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에서 아시아 중심적 대안의 제시, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에 있어서 문화 간 전망의 활성화, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구를 위한 장으로써의 국제외교의 구상이 그 네 가지 영향이다.

Toward a New Paradigm in Korean Language Teaching

Robert J . Fouser(Robert J . Fouser) 국제한국어교육학회 1997 한국어 교육 Vol.8 No.-

Ekphrasis and Whiteness in Recent American Poetry

( Robert Grotjohn ) 한국영어영문학회 2014 영어 영문학 Vol.60 No.3

The ekphrastic has become a frequent exercise for contemporary American poets. This study adds to the growing research on varieties of ekphrasis by discussing the various functions of whiteness in works by four poets. Natasha Trethewey, in her most recent volume, Thrall (2012), offers a series of poems inspired by 17th- and 18th-century Latin American casta paintings, which depict and catalogue variations of mixed-race couples and their children. After considering the eclipsing of whiteness in Trethewey’s “ethnic ekphrasis,” I will turn to the whiteness in Robert Hass’s ekphrastic on Vermeer’s Woman Pouring Milk titled “Art and Life,” from his National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize winning collection Time & Materials (2008), as an example of “elliptical ekphrasis.” The play on whiteness continues with Alice Fulton’s “fractal ekphrasis in “Close,” from her volume Felt (2001), in which she considers Joan Mitchell’s White Territory, an abstract expressionist painting. Finally, Harryette Mullens’ “Xenophobic Nightmare in a Foreign Language” from Sleeping with the Dictionary (2002), challenges the traditions of the ekphrastic and of poetry itself in her “post-ethnic/postekphrastic ekphrasis.”

The Emergence of Zimbabwe's Economy and Its Persistent Obstacles

Robert Mugabe(Robert Mugabe ),Morgan Tsvangirai(Morgan Tsvangirai ) 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.9 No.1

Zimbabwe’s economy has had a tumultuous history since gaining independence in 1980. Initially, the economy was buoyed by favourable foreign investment and a flourishing agricultural sector. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, a combination of hyperinflation, sanctions, and mismanagement led to a collapse of the economy. In recent years, Zimbabwe has made progress in stabilizing its economy and has seen modest growth. Despite this progress, the country still faces numerous persistent obstacles to further economic growth. This paper will explore the emergence of Zimbabwe’s economy since its independence and examine the main obstacles that have impeded further growth. It will discuss the causes of Zimbabwe’s economic collapse in the 1990s and 2000s, and how the government has attempted to address these issues. Additionally, it will look at the impact of external factors such as sanctions and foreign investment on the economy, as well as the role of financial institutions and other organizations in promoting economic development. Finally, it will provide an assessment of whether or not Zimbabwe’s economy is likely to continue to grow in the future and what additional measures may be necessary for it to do so. Through an analysis of Zimbabwe’s economic history and the current challenges it faces, this paper will provide valuable insight into the obstacles that must be overcome for the country to achieve long-term economic growth. It will also identify potential steps that may be taken to ensure the continued success of Zimbabwe’s economy and help to inform future economic policy.

Moral, Metamorphosis, Merriment : The Mix of Earnest and Play in Henryson's Fables

Robert Newlin 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2007 영미연구 Vol.17 No.-

Moral gravity and ludic energy lie close but uneasily together in the medieval animal fable. These elements are particularly active in Robert Henryson's Morall Fabilis; even as he presents his traditionally didactic tales, Henryson explores the tensions and potentials of this mix. This paper focuses upon Henryson's fifth fable, "The Trial of the Fox"-and explores how that trial (and its animal participants) rewrites the fable form.

[특집] 새로운 세기의 오래된 불확실성

Robert M. Hanthaway(Robert M. Hanthaway) 한국전략문제연구소 2001 전략연구 Vol.8 No.3

지난 l2개월은 남북한 모두에게 즐겁지 못한 시간이었다. 작년 여름의 역사적인 정상회담이 낳은 기대는 무자비하게 깨져버렸다. 북한의 신비로운 지도자 김정일은 아직 서울 답방의 약속을 지키지 않고 있다. 남과 북의 정치적 접촉은 수개월 동안 얼어붙어 있었으며 겨우 최근에 와서야 재개되었다. 조심스럽게 계획되었던 이산가족 상봉은 비무장지대를 넘나드는 더 적극적인 교류로 이어지지 못했다. 그밖에도 지 난 해 정상회담에서 약속되었던 무수한 의제들 (예컨대 철도 연결, 단일스포츠팀 등) 은 교착되거나 실현되지 못하였다. 이와 유사하게 한때는 희망적으로 보이던 북한과 미국의 관계 역시 원한과 비난으로 대체되고 있다. 2001년 1월, 대통령에 취임한 조지 W. 부시는 자신의 신임판리들이 느긋하게 대북정책을 검토하는 동안 평양과의 접촉을 중단시켰다. 6월이 되어서야 비로소 미국은 평양과의 대화재개 의사를 밝혔으나, 북한이 도저히 수용할 수 없는 조건을 내세웠다. 당연 하게 북한은 미국의 대화 제안을 무관심 혹은 적대감으로 대답하였다. 미국과 북한의 험악한 관계로 인하여 남북관계가 얼어붙었다고 생각하는 많은 한국인들 (김대중 정부 내의 인사들을 포함하여) 은 한국이 분단을 종식시키고 통일의 여정을 시작할 수 있는 반세기만에 찾아온 기회를 미국이 사보타지 하는 것이 아니냐고 비난하게 되였다. 물론, 작년 정상회담에 뒤이었던 무수한 기대들은 남의 객관적인 관찰자가 바라볼 때 터무니없이 과도하였던 것은 사실이다. 그러나 3개의 정부가 이러한 비현실적 기대를 좌절시키지 않은 데는 상이한 이유가 있었다. 김대중 대통령은 “햇볕정책”에 자신의 정당성을 상당부분 의존하고 있었으며 당연히 이러한 낙관적 기대들이 화해과정을 촉진하리라고 생각했다. 빌 클린턴은 대통령 임기가 끝나는 시점에 이르러 50년 동안 신비로움과 두려움의 장벽에 가려있던 북한의 문을 열었던 최초 약 대통령이자 평화의 사도로서 기억되고 싶었던 것이다. 김정일의 속내를 짐작하는 것은 보다 부정확하겠지만, 그가 정상회담의 도취감 속에서 경제적 수혜와 정치적 위상을 제고하려 했다고 이해하는 것도 틀리지는 않을 것이다. 그리하여 오늘날 이 3국은 작년의 과도한 희망과 현재의 냉엄한 현실을 조화시켜는 작업을 떠안게 되었다. 본인은 한-미-북 간의 복잡한 관계를 미국의 입장에서 바라보는 때 상당 지면을 할애하고자 한다. 그렇게 하기 위해서는 미국의 복잡한 국내정치를 살펴보아야 할 것이다. 본인은 미국의 국내 정치에 의하여 세계가 좌지우지된다는 주장을 하는 것은 아니다. 단지, 본인은 미국의 국내정치가 이제껏 그래왔고 앞으로도 그러겠지만 북한 및 동북아의 안보문제를 다루는 데 핵심적 영향을 마친다는 점, 따라서 남북관계에도 어느 정도 영향을 준다는 점을 설명하고자 한다.

Forging A New Judicial Attitude to International Commercial Arbitration in Canada; the UNCITRAL Model Law in Canadian Courts

Robert K. Paterson(Robert K. Paterson ) 한국캐나다학회 1998 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.4 No.-

CANADA’S WORLD IDENTITY IN SPORT: A LEGACY OF WINTER

Robert A. Stebbins(Robert A. Stebbins ) 한국캐나다학회 2010 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.16 No.1·2

Canada has an international image in sport that rests on six winter activities: curling, ice-hockey, figure skating, freestyle skiing, short-track speed skating, and snowboarding. A world-wide reputation for one or more sports or leisure activities is not an uncommon national identifier, even while it is impossible to view many countries in this light. The six winter sports are briefly described and Canada’s prominence in them supported with data from the Olympic Games. The serious leisure perspective is then presented as the theoretic framework for understanding these activities and their place in Canadian society. Finally, some implications of this wintery identity for Canada and Canadians are considered.