http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Ritchie Delara,Jie Yang,Skye Buckner-Petty,Paul Magtibay,Kristina Butler 대한부인종양학회 2020 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.31 No.6
Objective: To evaluate the survival impact of imaging vs surgical nodal assessment inpatients with cervical cancer stage IB2–IVA prior to definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were used to searchfor publications in English and Chinese over a 50-year period. The Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols was used to conduct this review. Inclusion criteria were studies that compared survival outcomes in International Federationof Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009 stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer patients with pre-therapypelvic and/or aortic lymphadenectomy (LND) or imaging. One or more of the followingmodalities were used for nodal assessment: computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonanceimaging, or positron emission tomography-CT. The National Institutes of Health QualityAssessment Tool was utilized to assess study quality. Results: The initial search identified 65 studies, and five met the inclusion criteria. There werea total of 1,112 patients. Seven hundred and fifty-four underwent pelvic and/or aortic LND and358 had imaging. When compared to LND, imaging had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9%and 22.2% for pelvic lymph node (LN), and 33%–62.5% and 92%–95.5% for para-aortic LN. There were no differences in progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR]=1.13; 95%confidence interval [CI]=0.73–1.74; I2=75%; p<0.01) and overall survival (OS) (HR=1.06; 95%CI=0.66–1.69; I2=75%; p<0.01) between surgical and imaging nodal assessment. Conclusions: Imaging and surgical nodal assessment has comparable PFS and OS in patientswith cervical cancer stage IB2–IVA. Trial Registration: PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42020155486
Chalmers on Implementation and Computational Sufficiency
( J Brendan Ritchie ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2011 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.12 No.4
Chalmers (2011) argues for the following two principles: computational sufficiency and computational explanation. In this commentary I present two criticisms of Chalmers` argument for the principle of computational sufficiency, which states that implementing the appropriate kind of computational structure suffices for possessing mentality. First, Chalmers only establishes that a system has its mental properties in virtue of the computations it performs in the trivial sense that any physical system can be described computationally to some arbitrary level of detail; further argumentation is required to show that the causal topology relevant to possessing a mind actually implements computations. Second, Chalmers` account rules out plausible cases of implementation due to its requirement of an isomorphism between the state-types of a computation and the physical system implementing the computation.
Progress Through Setback or Mired in Mediocrity? Crisis and Institutional Change in Southeast Asia
Bryan K. Ritchie 동아시아연구원 2005 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.5 No.2
A well-developed thesis in political economy claims that crises create opportunities for change. Yet despite creating similar preferences for change, the Asian Financial crisis led to reform of policies and institutions in some issue areas and in some countries of Southeast Asia, but not in others. In this essay I find that policies and institutions associated with technological upgrading of the economy, and particularly the manufacturing sector, are often immune to reform efforts, for two reasons. First, reform demands that policy makers know what to do and second, they must know how to do it. Whether countries can discover and adopt new “templates” for reforming technology policies and institutions depends on the capacity of pre-existing institutions to foster participative rather than simply consultative public-private collaboration. Such collaboration is most likely when decentralized yet coordinated bureaucracies facilitate meaningful participation from private actors, including business, labor, and academia, in forming, implementing, monitoring, and enforcing development policies.
미세구조가 균열개시인성 J ic 와 균열성장인성 T r 에 미치는 영향
오태성,Ritchie, R O 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1993 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.31 No.10
Microstructural effects on crack initiation toughness (J_(IC)) and crack growth toughness (T_R) have been examined for HP9-4-20 steel and ASTM A710 steel. Microstructural changes, which increased the fracture strain (ε_f) and decreased the yield strain (ε_o), improved both J_(IC) and T_R, and had the larger effect on T_R for ASTM A710 steel with law strength. Observation of crack profiles revealed a zig-zag fracture which propagated along the spiral slip lines emanating from the blunted crack tip for ASTM A710 steel, and along the straight slip lines characteristic of a non-blunted crack for HP9-4-20 steel.
Vibrational solvatochromism of nitrile infrared probes: beyond the vibrational Stark dipole approach
Błasiak, Bartosz,Ritchie, Andrew W.,Webb, Lauren J.,Cho, Minhaeng The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.18 No.27
<P>Systematic probing of local environments around biopolymers is important for understanding their functions. Therefore, there has been growing interest in in situ measurements of molecular granularity and heterogeneity through the systematic analysis of vibrational frequency shifts of carbonyl and nitrile infrared probes by vibrational Stark dipole theory. However, here we show that the nitrile vibrational frequency shift induced by its interaction with the surrounding molecules cannot be solely described by electric field-based theory because of the exchange-repulsion and dispersion interaction contributions. Considering a variety of molecular environments ranging from bulk solutions to protein environments, we explore the distinct scenarios of solute-environment contacts and their traces in vibrational frequency shifts. We believe that the present work could provide a set of clues that could be potentially used to design a rigorous theoretical model linking vibrational solvatochromism and molecular topology in complex heterogeneous environments.</P>
Cortes, Jorge,Rousselot, Philippe,Kim, Dong-Wook,Ritchie, Ellen,Hamerschlak, Nelson,Coutre, Steven,Hochhaus, Andreas,Guilhot, Francois,Saglio, Giuseppe,Apperley, Jane,Ottmann, Oliver,Shah, Neil,Erben, American Society of Hematology 2007 Blood Vol.109 No.8
<B>Abstract</B><P>The prognosis for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in myeloid blast crisis (MBC) or lymphoid blast crisis (LBC) remains poor. Although imatinib can induce responses in a subset of these patients, resistance to the drug develops rapidly. Dasatinib is a novel, oral, multitargeted kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases. After promising phase 1 results, we report the results of phase 2 clinical trials of dasatinib in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant blast crisis CML (MBC, n = 74; LBC, n = 42). At the 8-month follow-up, dasatinib induced major hematologic responses (MaHRs) in 34% and 31% of MBC- and LBC-CML patients and major cytogenetic responses (MCyRs) in 31% and 50% of these patients, respectively. Most (86%) of these MCyRs were complete cytogenetic responses (CCyRs). Responses were rapid and durable: 88% and 46%, respectively, of MBC- and LBC-CML patients achieving MaHR had not experienced disease progression at the 8-month follow-up. Response rates were similar in patients with and without BCR-ABL mutations known to confer resistance to imatinib. Dasatinib was well tolerated. Nonhematologic adverse events were mild to moderate. Cytopenias were common and could be managed by dose modification. Dasatinib is highly active and produces hematologic and cytogenetic responses in a significant number of patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant MBC- and LBC-CML. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #CA180006 and #CA180015.</P>