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        OGLE‐2008‐BLG‐510: first automated real‐time detection of a weak microlensing anomaly – brown dwarf or stellar binary?

        Bozza, V.,Dominik, M.,Rattenbury, N. J.,Jørgensen, U. G.,Tsapras, Y.,Bramich, D. M.,Udalski, A.,Bond, I. A.,Liebig, C.,Cassan, A.,Fouqué,, P.,Fukui, A.,Hundertmark, M.,Shin, I.‐,G.,Lee, S. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.424 No.2

        <P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The microlensing event OGLE‐2008‐BLG‐510 is characterized by an evident asymmetric shape of the peak, promptly detected by the Automated Robotic Terrestrial Exoplanet Microlensing Search (ARTEMiS) system in real time. The skewness of the light curve appears to be compatible both with binary‐lens and binary‐source models, including the possibility that the lens system consists of an M dwarf orbited by a brown dwarf. The detection of this microlensing anomaly and our analysis demonstrate that: (1) automated real‐time detection of weak microlensing anomalies with immediate feedback is feasible, efficient and sensitive, (2) rather common weak features intrinsically come with ambiguities that are not easily resolved from photometric light curves, (3) a modelling approach that finds all features of parameter space rather than just the ‘favourite model’ is required and (4) the data quality is most crucial, where systematics can be confused with real features, in particular small higher order effects such as orbital motion signatures. It moreover becomes apparent that events with weak signatures are a silver mine for statistical studies, although not easy to exploit. Clues about the apparent paucity of both brown‐dwarf companions and binary‐source microlensing events might hide here.</P>

      • THE FIRST NEPTUNE ANALOG OR SUPER-EARTH WITH A NEPTUNE-LIKE ORBIT: MOA-2013-BLG-605LB

        Sumi, T.,Udalski, A.,Bennett, D. P.,Gould, A.,Poleski, R.,Bond, I. A.,Skowron, J.,Rattenbury, N.,Pogge, R. W.,Bensby, T.,Beaulieu, J. P.,Marquette, J. B.,Batista, V.,Brillant, S.,Abe, F.,Asakura, Y.,B American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.825 No.2

        <P>We present the discovery of the first Neptune analog exoplanet or super-Earth with a Neptune-like orbit, MOA-2013-BLG-605Lb. This planet has a mass similar to that of Neptune or a super-Earth and it orbits at 9 similar to 14 times the expected position of the snow line, a(snow), which is similar to Neptune's separation of 11 a(snow) from the Sun. The planet/host-star mass ratio is q = (3.6 +/- 0.7) x 10(-4) and the projected separation normalized by the Einstein radius is s = 2.39 +/- 0.05. There are three degenerate physical solutions and two of these are due to a new type of degeneracy in the microlensing parallax parameters, which we designate 'the wide degeneracy.' The three models have (i) a Neptune-mass planet with a mass of M-p = 21(-7)(+6)M(circle plus) orbiting a low-mass M-dwarf with a mass of M-h = 0.19(-0.06)(+0.05)M(circle dot), (ii) a mini-Neptune with M-p = 7.9(-1.2)(+1.8)M(circle plus) orbiting a brown dwarf host with M-h = 0.068(-0.011)(+0.019)M(circle dot), and (iii) a super-Earth with M-p = 3.2(-0.3)(+0.5)M(circle plus) orbiting a low-mass brown dwarf host with M-h = 0.025(-0.004)(+0.005)M(circle dot), which is slightly favored. The 3D planet-host separations are 4.6(-1.2)(+4.7) au, 2.1(-0.2) (+1.0) au, and 0.94(-0.02)(+0.67) au, which are 8.9(-1.4)(+10.5), 12(-1)(+7), or 14(-1)(+11) times larger than a(snow) for these models, respectively. Keck adaptive optics observations confirm that the lens is faint. This discovery suggests that low-mass planets with Neptune-like orbits are common. Therefore processes similar to the one that formed Neptune in our own solar system or cold super-Earths may be common in other solar systems.</P>

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