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Towards Full Thickness Small Intestinal Models: Incorporation of Stromal Cells
Asal Melis,Rep Mila,Bontkes Hetty J.,van Vliet Sandra J.,Mebius Reina E.,Gibbs Susan 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2024 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.21 No.3
Introduction Since small intestine is one of the major barriers of the human body, there is a need to develop reliable in vitro human small intestinal models. These models should incorporate both the epithelial and lamina propria compartments and have similar barrier properties compared to that of the human tissue. These properties are essential for various applications, such as studying cell–cell interaction, intestinal diseases and testing permeability and metabolism of drugs and other compounds. The small intestinal lamina propria contains multiple stromal cell populations with several important functions, such as secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and soluble mediators. In addition, stromal cells influence the intestinal epithelial barrier, support the intestinal stem cell niche and interact with immune cells. Methods In this review, we provide an extensive overview on the different types of lamina propria stromal cells found in small intestine and describe a combination of molecular markers that can be used to distinguish each different stromal cell type. We focus on studies that incorporated stromal cells into human representative small intestine models cultured on transwells. Results and Conclusion These models display enhanced epithelial morphology, increased cell proliferation and human-like barrier properties, such as low transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and intermediate permeability, thus better mimicking the native human small intestine than models only consisting of an epithelium which generally show high TEER and low permeability.
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Risk Factors for Interstitial Cystitis in the General Population and in Individuals With Depression
M. Soledad Cepeda,Jenna Reps,Anthony G. Sena,Rachel Ochs-Ross 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2019 International Neurourology Journal Vol.23 No.1
Purpose: To identify risk factors for interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic bladder disorder that may have a significant detrimental impact on quality of life, in the general population and in individuals with depression. Methods: This was a comparative study using a US claims database. Adults who had records of a visit to the health system in 2010 or later were included. The outcome was the development of IC within 2 years after the index date. The index date for the general population was the first outpatient visit, and for individuals with depression, it was the date of the diagnosis of depression. IC was defined using the concepts of ulcerative and IC. We included all medical conditions present any time prior to the index visit as potential risk factors. Results: The incidence of IC was higher in individuals with depression than in the general population. Of the 3,973,000 subjects from the general population, 2,293 (0.06%) developed IC within 2 years. Of the 249,200 individuals with depression, 320 (0.13%) developed IC. The characteristics of the individuals who developed IC were similar in both populations. Those who developed IC were slightly older, more likely to be women, and had more chronic pain conditions, malaise, and inflammatory disorders than patients without IC. In the general population, subjects who developed IC were more likely to have mood disorders, anxiety, and hypothyroidism. Conclusions: The incidence of IC was higher in individuals with depression. Subjects who developed IC had more chronic pain conditions, depression, malaise, and inflammatory disorders.
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JONKERS, WILFRIED,VAN KAN, JAN A. L.,TIJM, PATRICK,LEE, YIN‐,WON,TUDZYNSKI, PAUL,REP, MARTIJN,MICHIELSE, CAROLINE B. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Molecular plant pathology Vol.12 No.6
<P><B>SUMMARY</B></P><P>Plant‐pathogenic fungi employ a variety of infection strategies; as a result, fungi probably rely on different sets of proteins for successful infection. The F‐box protein Frp1, only present in filamentous fungi belonging to the Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes, is required for nonsugar carbon catabolism and pathogenicity in the root‐infecting fungus <I>Fusarium oxysporum</I>. To assess the role of Frp1 in other plant‐pathogenic fungi, <I>FRP1</I> deletion mutants were generated in <I>Fusarium graminearum</I> and <I>Botrytis cinerea</I>, and their phenotypes were analysed. Deletion of <I>FgFRP1</I> in <I>F. graminearum</I> led to impaired infection of barley roots, but not of aerial plant parts. Deletion of <I>BcFRP1</I> in <I>B. cinerea</I> did not show any effect on pathogenicity. Sexual reproduction, however, was impaired in both <I>F. graminearum</I> and<I> B. cinerea FRP1</I> deletion mutants. The mutants of all three fungi displayed different phenotypes when grown on an array of carbon sources. The <I>F. oxysporum</I> and <I>B. cinerea</I> deletion mutants showed opposite growth phenotypes on sugar and nonsugar carbon sources. Replacement of <I>FoFRP1</I> in <I>F. oxysporum</I> with the <I>B. cinerea BcFRP1</I> resulted in the restoration of pathogenicity, but also in a switch from impaired growth on nonsugar carbon sources to impaired growth on sugar carbon sources. This effect could be ascribed in part to the <I>B. cinerea BcFRP1</I> promoter sequence. In conclusion, the function of the F‐box protein Frp1, despite its high sequence conservation, is not conserved between different fungi, leading to differential requirements for pathogenicity and carbon source utilization.</P>
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