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VOLUNTARY SECTOR ORGANIZING IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXTS: AN EXPLORATION OF “THIRD WAYS”
RALPH S. BROWER 한국행정학회 2011 International Review of Public Administration Vol.16 No.1
This essay introduces questions and critiques about the contemporary study of voluntary organizations in the world’s industrialized nations. In doing so it acknowledges contending models and labels, competing empirical approaches, and conflicting representations and definitions of the voluntary action at the heart of existing studies. The essay provides a brief critique of the dominant American model that stresses the demography and management of nonprofit organizations. We note the model’s potential limitations for studying voluntary organizing in developing countries and provide a cautious introduction to the civil society implications of “third way” models of governance, an approach introduced primarily from Europe. The essay concludes by introducing the four empirical studies that comprise the exploration of “third ways” from a variety of international contexts.
A “THIRD WAY” IN THE PHILIPPINES: VOLUNTARY ORGANIZING FOR A NEW DISASTER MANAGEMENT PARADIGM
RALPH S. BROWER,FRANCISCO A. MAGNO 한국행정학회 2011 International Review of Public Administration Vol.16 No.1
This study illuminates the role of civil society actors in advocating for and helping implement The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. We illustrate how these actors served as both bottom-up and top-down brokers and translators in communicating ideas and action between vulnerable communities they represent and policy actors in the Philippine national government. We situate their actions within the Philippines’ unique historical, cultural, political, and socioeconomic context, noting the significance of their policy entrepreneurship by comparison to conditions a mere 25 years earlier, when the Marcos Regime would have hunted down and killed them for their activism. We conclude with observations about important contributions that the disaster risk reduction paradigm makes to development theory, and assert the importance of political and social goals, that are often drowned out by the dominant role that economics and ownership models hold in some Western conceptions of voluntary organizing.
Disaster Intelligence: Information to Connect and Epower Governments, NGOs, and Citizens
Ralph S Brower 위기관리 이론과 실천 2016 위기관리 이론과 실천 세미나발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-
In this manuscript I present a model of disaster intelligence as an aspirational model for emergency and disaster management in Western contexts. I reinforce this conceptualization of disaster intelligence with a heuristic for all-hazards disaster communications, in which traditional/local and social media forms of disaster communications are seen as supplements to official disaster communications. I advocate for enhancing our disaster data capabilities by automating the processing of social media disaster data that are not presently being fully exploited. I next apply Hilhorst’s (2004) social domains heuristic as a way of representing the competing interests and understanding of disaster science and management, disaster governance, and local participants and vulnerable populations, respectively. I then offer a series of empirical incidents of disaster communication failure that we can see as representing breakdowns among competing perspectives from the three social domains. I conclude with recommendations for practice and scholarship as ways to advance disaster communication and disaster intelligence capabilities in both Western and developing contexts. Western practitioners and scholars have advanced an increasingly coherent body of knowledge and practices for emergency and disaster management. One noteworthy juncture in that development was the creation of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under President Jimmy Carter in 1979 (FEMA, 2010). The new agency had been directed to create diverse multi-agency and multi-level partnerships and responsibilities; following this directive, FEMA’s leaders created a “rational system of management called the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS)” (Giuffrida, 1985, p. 2) that employed what is now the well-known four phase model of emergency management activities (see Figure 1, below).2 By the mid-1980s the four phases were common parlance in American academic and practice communities. In support of this point, it is noteworthy that a special issue of Public Administration Review in 1985 contained 22 articles dedicated to emergency and disaster management, and the four phase model is employed broadly throughout those articles.
Disaster Intelligence: Information to Connect and Epower Governments, NGOs, and Citizens
Ralph S. Brower 위기관리 이론과 실천 2016 위기관리 이론과 실천 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.08
In this manuscript I present a model of disaster intelligence as an aspirational model for emergency and disaster management in Western contexts. I reinforce this conceptualization of disaster intelligence with a heuristic for all-hazards disaster communications, in which traditional/local and social media forms of disaster communications are seen as supplements to official disaster communications. I advocate for enhancing our disaster data capabilities by automating the processing of social media disaster data that are not presently being fully exploited. I next apply Hilhorst’s (2004) social domains heuristic as a way of representing the competing interests and understanding of disaster science and management, disaster governance, and local participants and vulnerable populations, respectively. I then offer a series of empirical incidents of disaster communication failure that we can see as representing breakdowns among competing perspectives from the three social domains. I conclude with recommendations for practice and scholarship as ways to advance disaster communication and disaster intelligence capabilities in both Western and developing contexts.
Ralph S. Brower,David Merrick,Robert McDaniel 위기관리 이론과 실천 2018 Crisisonomy Vol.14 No.3
In this manuscript we present a model of disaster intelligence as an aspirational model for emergency and disaster management in Western contexts. We reinforce this conceptualization with a heuristic for all-hazards disaster communications, in which traditional/local and social media forms of disaster communications are seen as supplements to official disaster communications. It is important, therefore, to enhance our disaster data capabilities by automating the processing of social media disaster data that are not presently being fully exploited. Hilhorst’s (2004) social domains heuristic is proposed as a way to represent the competing interests and understanding of disaster science and management, disaster governance, and local participants and vulnerable populations, respectively. We then present a series of empirical incidents of disaster communication failure that illustrate breakdowns among competing perspectives from the three social domains. In conclusion, we offer recommendations for practice and scholarship to advance disaster communication and disaster intelligence capabilities in both Western and developing contexts.