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Virgin Cork Structure of Quercus variabilis
( Denni Prasetia ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Go Un Yang ),( Jae-hyuk Jang ),( Se-yeong Park ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2022 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.1
This study aimed to observe and compare the qualitative anatomical characteristics between the virgin cork of Quercus variabilis grown in Korea and the reproduction cork in Q. suber grown in Portugal. The characteristics were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Macroscopically, cork tissue and lenticular channel were observed in both species, whereas sclereid and phloem were only found in Q. variabilis. Growth ring was narrow in the virgin cork of Q. variabilis and was wide in the reproduction cork of Q. suber. Microscopically, growth ring in the virgin cork of Q. variabilis showed distinct with an abrupt transition from earlycork to latecork and had two to six rows of latecork cells, while that in the reproduction cork of Q. suber showed indistinct with a gradual transition from earlycork to latecork and had one to two rows of latecork cells. A severe corrugation accompanied with collapse of earlycork and distortion in growth ring area occurred in Q. variabilis and a mild corrugation occurred in the earlycork of Q. suber. The lenticular channel in the virgin cork of Q. variabilis was filled with tight lenticular filling tissues and widely surrounded by thick-walled cells, while that in reproduction cork of Q. suber had an opening with loose lenticular filling tissue surrounded narrowly by thick-walled cells. Trabeculae were found in the cork cells of both species. In conclusion, the qualitative anatomical aspects in the virgin cork of Q. variabilis were distinctively different from the reproduction cork of Q. suber.
Virgin Cork Structure in Quercus variabilis
( Denni Prasetia ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong-ho Kim ),( Jae-hyuk Jang ),( Se-yeong Park ),( Nam-hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2022 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.2
To give further valuable insight for effective utilization of cork resources, the anatomical characteristics of Quercus variabilis virgin cork grown in Korea were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and compared with those of Quercus suber cork from Portugal. Q. variabilis cork had smaller growth ring width, proportion of cork cells, and cell dimensions than Q. suber cork.
Anatomical Characteristics of Cork in Quercus variabilis Grown in Korea
( Denni Prasetia ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Go Un Yang ),( Intan Fajar Suri ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.2
This study aimed to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the virgin cork in Q. variabilis grown in Korea and to compare with those of the reproduction cork in Q. suber . The anatomical characteristics were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the tangential section, the cork of Q. variabilis and Q. suber showed sometimes hexagonal shape and occasionally pentagonal and heptagonal shape. In the radial and transverse section, both species showed often hexagonal shape and seldom pentagonal and heptagonal shape. The cell wall undulations were conspicuous, especially in the radial and transverse surface. Cork of both species showed a distinct growth ring boundaries. In this study, Q. variabilis and Q. suber had 45-50 and 10-12 growth ring numbers, respectively. The cork of Q. variabilis showed smaller growth ring width with range of 0.5-2 mm than that Q. suber with range of 1-4 mm. The cork cell height of Q. variabilis and Q. suber were 16.4 ㎛ and 36.7 ㎛ in earlycork and 6.6 ㎛ and 16.2 ㎛ in latecork, respectively. The cork cell area in tangential section of Q. variabilis and Q. suber were 623 ㎛² and 830 ㎛², respectively. The cork cell wall thickness of Q. variabilis and Q. suber were 1.5 ㎛ and 1.6 ㎛ in earlycork and 1.8 ㎛ and 2.0 ㎛ in latecork, respectively. The cork cell volume of Q. variabilis and Q. suber were 13209 ㎛³ and 34106 ㎛³ in earlycork and 5724 ㎛³ and 15035 ㎛³ in latecork, respectively. The solid volume fraction of the earlycork in Q. variabilis and Q. suber were 17% and 31%, while those of latecork were 16% and 35%, respectively. It is revealed that there were some differences in the anatomical properties between Q. variabilis and Q. suber.
Qualitative Anatomical Characteristics of the Virgin Cork in Quercus variabilis Grown in Korea
Denni Prasetia,Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Jong-Ho Kim,Jae-Hyuk Jang,Se-Yeong Park,Nam-Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10
Cork is a part of the periderm in the outer bark of cork oak that covers the stem and branches. Worldwide, cork is commonly known as a sealant in wine bottles. Cork has outstanding properties, such as low density, low permeability to liquids and gases, low conductivity, chemical stability and durability, and high compressibility. There are three types of cork in the cork industry: virgin cork, second cork, and reproduction cork. Virgin and second cork have deep fractures and a distorted structure and are commonly used as agglomerate products, whereas reproduction cork has an even surface and is the most essential material for making solid products such as wine stoppers. Quercus suber reproduction cork is the main resource of cork in the world because it has a large quantity of cork in its periderm. In Korea, Quercus variabilis is abundant and a common commercial wood species. Quercus variabilis is another species that has large quantity of cork in its periderm. However, there is still a lack of information regarding the quality of Quercus variabilis cork grown in Korea. Therefore, to give further valuable insight for effective utilization of cork resource, the present study investigated the qualitative anatomical characteristics such as growth ring characteristics, lenticular channel, and cellular cork structure of Quercus variabilis virgin cork grown in Korea and compared with those of Quercus suber reproduction cork grown in Portugal. The qualitative anatomical characteristics of both species were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the results of this study will be presented at the International Symposium.
Softwood Species identification using Convolutional Neural Network
Jong-Ho Kim,Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Prasetia Denni,Alvin Muhammad Savero,Intan Fajar Suri,Seung-Hwan Lee,Nam-Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10
In order to improve the accessibility of wood species identification, the four domestic and six imported softwood species were classified using deep learning method. The cross-section micrographs were used as a dataset; which 1,535 images of 40x micrographs with earlywood and latewood, and 2,000 images of 200x micrographs for earlywood and latewood each. The classification accuracy and loss rate of 10 species were compared using the four convolutional neural network models such as modified CNN, GoogLeNet, VGG16, and ResNet. In verifying the classification accuracy and loss rate by model, the influencing factors, such as epochs, collected part of the dataset, and dataset augmentation, were analyzed. The modified CNN and GoogLeNet models increased classification accuracy in proportion to the number of epochs, achieving more than 95% classification accuracy in the final stage. At the same time, the loss rate decreased with decreasing the number of epochs. VGG16 model showed a low classification accuracy of 20~30% and a high loss rate regardless of the number of epochs during learning under the same conditions as the other models. The ResNet model showed a high classification accuracy of over 90%, with a low loss rate during the training process. However, classification accuracy decreased to 20~30%, with a high loss rate when the test process. As a result of analyzing the general trends in the four models, the classification accuracy increased with increasing the number of epochs in the latewood and total dataset. In contrast, the earlywood dataset didn't show any tendency. The dataset augmentation was not significantly correlated with the classification accuracy and loss rate. Based on these results, modified CNN and GoogLeNet models among the four deep learning models showed excellent wood species classification performance. Further, it is expected that the two models can be applied to identify unknown ten softwood species.
Intan Fajar Suri,Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Denni Prasetia,Jong Ho Kim,Wahyu Hidayat,Nam Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10
The effects of oil and air heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods were determined and compared. Heat treatments were conducted at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 1, 2, and 3 hours. Changes in properties of heat-treated woods including color, weight, density, volume shrinkage, abrasion, compressive strength, and hardness were investigated. The oil heat-treated specimens showed a darker color than the air heat-treated specimens. In oil heat treatment, the weight and density increased significantly, but in air heat treatment, the weight and density decreased slightly. The volume shrinkage by oil heat treatment exhibited lower compared to that by air heat treatment. The oil heat-treated samples showed lower weight loss in abrasion than air heat-treated samples. Compressive strength increased by oil heat treatment at all temperatures, in contrast, the compression strength of the air heat-treated samples increased at 180 and 200 °C and rapidly decreased at 220 °C. The hardness of oil heat-treated Pinus koraiensis wood increased, but vice versa in Paulownia tomentosa wood. In air heat treatment, both wood species showed a decrease in hardness.