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The Spinal Flexibility and Response Time of Erector Spinae Muscle Following Stabilization Exercise
Paul S.Sung 대한정형물리치료학회 2000 대한정형도수물리치료학회지 Vol.6 No.1
허리 근육손상은 기대치 못한 상황에서 신체의 적절한 반응이 지연될 경우 근육 염좌와 같은 상해나 요통으로 연결된다. 이 연구는 척추 안정 운동 후 척추의 유연성과 척추 근육의 반응 속도를 만성 요통 환자와 정상인을 대상으로 비교 연구 하였다. 만성 요통 환자 군은 척추 안정 운동을 4주간 20회 시행하였으며 이와 비슷한 특성을 가진 대조군을 비교하였다. 신체 유연성은 환자가 앉은 자세에서 척추를 축으로 신체의 회전 정도를 측정하였다. 척추 반응 속도 측정은 환자가 선 자세에서 두 손으로 판을 들고있는 동안 정구공이 1.8m (6.4N) 에서 낙하시 좌, 우측 척추 근육의 반응 속도를 Wavelet 분석으로 측정하였다. 연구 결과 척추 안정 운동을 행한 만성 요통 환자군의 신체 유연성과 척추 근육 반응 속도가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 척추 유연성은 만성 요통 환자 군에서 131.0cm에서 척추안정 운동후 144.1cm으로 증가하였다(p〈0.05). 척추 근육 반응 속도는 척추 안정 운동을 행한 만성 요통 환자 군에서 90.00msec에서 68.55msec로 (p〈0.05), 정상 군에서는 86.28msec에서 75.64msec로 (p〉0.05) 단축되었다. 척추 안정 운동은 근, 신경 조직의 반응속도를 증가시키며 특히 만성 요통 환자에서 척추의 안정성을 회복시킨다. 특히 척추의 안정성 증가는 기대치 못한 상황에서 신체의 적절한 반응의 속도를 회복시키며 결과적으로 허리 손상을 예방할 수 있다. 물리치료학에서 근 골격 신경계의 반응 속도측정을 위한 연구로 Wavelet 분석과 같은 첨단장비를 통한 운동 치료의 질에 관한 연구의 도입이 필요하다. 또한 구체적인 치료적 운동결과의 측정을 통해 물리 치료의 효과성과 효율성을 높이기 위한 생체의학적 연구가 요망된다.
Sung, Paul S.,Park, Woo-Hyung,Kim, Yoon Hyuk Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2012 Journal of spinal disorders & techniques Vol.25 No.3
STUDY DESIGN:: An experimental design was conducted to investigate kinematic changes in 3-dimensional trunk motions between subjects with and without chronic low back pain (LBP) while demonstrating axial rotation. OBJECTIVES:: The purpose of this study was to compare 3-dimensional kinematic data for the upper and lower thorax and the lumbar spine from the axis of the core spine during axial rotation activities in the standing position while considering anthropometric factors in subjects with and without LBP. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:: Rotation of the trunk is associated with a large number of LBP cases and surrounding spinal tissue injuries. METHODS:: Fifteen subjects with chronic LBP (5 men, 10 women) and 15 subjects without LBP (9 men, 6 women) participated in this study. The outcome measures included kinematic data of actual trunk rotation angles for the upper and lower thorax and the lumbar regions relative to the core spine (spinal root) in sagittal, coronal, and transverse axes. RESULTS:: The spinal range of motion was significantly different for each spinal region (F=240.25, P=0.001) and axis (F=213.91, P=0.001). There was a significant interaction between the spinal region and the group (F=4.34, P=0.04). There was also a 3-way interaction with the spinal region, the axis, and the group (F=11.04, P=0.001). These results indicated that spinal region and axes are important to consider because the upper thorax demonstrated a significantly greater rotational displacement in subjects with chronic LBP. Among the anthropometric factors, age (F=6.24, P=0.02) interacted with the spinal region and the axis. CONCLUSIONS:: Decreased spinal range of motion in older subjects might result in a stiffened spine in addition to possible poor proprioception from back injuries to passive structures in subjects with chronic LBP.
Lee, Sang Min,Kim, Jin Ho,Lee, Ho,LEE, Jai Young,Lee, Paul S . 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2001 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.7 No.2
For the purpose of developing a Zr-based Laves phase alloy with higher capacity and better performance for electrochemical application, extensive work has been carried out. After careful alloy design of ZrMn2based hydrogen storage alloys through varying their stoichiometry by means of substituting or adding alloying elements, the Zr_(0.9)Ti_(0.1)(Mn_(0.7)V_(0.5)Ni_(1.4))_(0.92) with high capacity (392 mAh/g at the 0.25C) and improved performance (comparable to that of commercialized AB_5 type alloy) was developed. Another endeavor was made to improve the poor activation property and the low rate capability of the developed Zr-based Laves phase alloy for commercialization. The combination method of hot-immersion and slow-charging was introduced. It was found that electrode activation was greatly improved after hot immersion at 80℃ for 12 h followed by charging at 0.05C. The effects of this method are discussed in comparison with other activation methods. The combination method was successfully applied to the formation process of 80 Ah Ni/MH cells. A series of systematic investigations has been rendered to analyze the inner cell pressure characteristics of a sealed type Ni-MH battery. It was found that the increase of inner cell pressure in the sealed type Ni/MH battery of the above-mentioned Zr-Ti-Mn-V-Ni alloy was mainly due to the accumulation of oxygen gas during chargeldischarge cycling. The fact identified that the surface catalytic activity was affected more dominantly by the oxygen recombination reaction than the reaction surface area was also identified. In order to improve the surface catalytic activity of a Zr-Ti-Mn-V-Ni alloy, which is closely related to the inner pressure behavior in a sealed cell, the electrode was fabricated by mixing the alloy with Cu powder and a filamentary type of Ni and replacing 75% of the carbon black with them; thus, the inner cell pressure rarely increases with cycles due to the active gas recombination reaction. Measurements of the surface area of the electrode and the surface catalytic activity showed that the surface catalytic activity for the oxygen recombination reaction was greatly improved by the addition of Cu powder and the filamentary type of Ni. Finally, we have collaborated with Hyundai Motors Company on fabrication of the 80Ah cells for Electric Vehicles and evaluated the cell performance.
Oh, Young-Suk,Kenea, S. Takele,Goo, Tae-Young,Chung, Kyu-Sun,Rhee, Jae-Sang,Ou, Mi-Lim,Byun, Young-Hwa,Wennberg, Paul O.,Kiel, Matthä,us,DiGangi, Joshua P.,Diskin, Glenn S.,Velazco, Voltaire A.,Gr Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric measurement techniques Vol.11 No.4
<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since the late 1990s, the meteorological observatory established in Anmyeondo (36.5382°<span class='thinspace'></span>N, 126.3311°<span class='thinspace'></span>E, and 30<span class='thinspace'></span>m above mean sea level) has been monitoring several greenhouse gases such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, CFCs, and SF<sub>6</sub> as a part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program. A high resolution ground-based (g-b) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was installed at this observation site in 2013 and has been operated within the frame work of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) since August 2014. The solar spectra recorded by the g-b FTS cover the spectral range 3800 to 16<span class='thinspace'></span>000<span class='thinspace'></span>cm<sup>−1</sup> at a resolution of 0.02<span class='thinspace'></span>cm<sup>−1</sup>. In this work, the GGG2014 version of the TCCON standard retrieval algorithm was used to retrieve total column average CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> dry mole fractions (XCO<sub>2</sub>, XCH<sub>4</sub>) and from the FTS spectra. Spectral bands of CO<sub>2</sub> (at 6220.0 and 6339.5<span class='thinspace'></span>cm<sup>−1</sup> center wavenumbers, CH<sub>4</sub> at 6002<span class='thinspace'></span>cm<sup>−1</sup> wavenumber, and O<sub>2</sub> near 7880<span class='thinspace'></span>cm<sup>−1</sup> ) were used to derive the XCO<sub>2</sub> and XCH<sub>4</sub>. In this paper, we provide comparisons of XCO<sub>2</sub> and XCH<sub>4</sub> between the aircraft observations and g-b FTS over Anmyeondo station. A comparison of 13 coincident observations of XCO<sub>2</sub> between g-b FTS and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) satellite measurements are also presented for the measurement period between February 2014 and November 2017. OCO-2 observations are highly correlated with the g-b FTS measurements (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.884) and exhibited a small positive bias (0.189<span class='thinspace'></span>ppm). Both data set capture seasonal variations of the target species with maximum and minimum values in spring and late summer, respectively. In the future, it is planned to further utilize the FTS measurements for the evaluation of satellite observations such as Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, GOSAT-2). This is the first report of the g-b FTS observations of XCO<sub>2</sub> species over the Anmyeondo station.</p> </P>