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O-Sullivan, I,Chopra, A,Kim, T S,Magnuson, S,Falduto, M T,Huang, J,Cohen, E P Nature Publishing Group 2007 Cancer gene therapy Vol.14 No.4
This study describes a new strategy for the identification of squamous carcinoma antigens tumor-associated antigens (TAA). The antigens were discovered by comparing microarrays of squamous carcinoma vaccines highly enriched for immunotherapeutic cells with non-enriched vaccines. The vaccines were prepared by transferring sheared genomic DNA fragments (25 kb) from KLN205 cells, a squamous carcinoma cell line (DBA/2 mouse origin (H-2<SUP>d</SUP>) into LM fibroblasts (C3H/He origin, H-2<SUP>k</SUP>). The transferred tumor DNA segments integrate spontaneously into the genome of the recipient cells, replicate as the cells divide and are expressed. As only a small proportion of the transfected cell population was expected to have incorporated DNA segments that included genes specifying TAA (the vast majority specify normal cellular constituents), a novel strategy was employed to enrich the vaccine for TAA-positive cells. Microarrays were used to compare genes expressed by enriched and non-enriched vaccines. Seventy-five genes were overexpressed in cells from the enriched vaccine. One, the gene for Cytochrome P450 (family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1) (Cyp2e1), was overexpressed in the enriched but not the non-enriched vaccine. A vaccine for squamous carcinoma was prepared by transfer of a 357 bp fragment of the gene for Cyp2e1 into the fibroblast cell line. Robust immunity, sufficient to result in indefinite survival, was induced in tumor-bearing mice immunized with cells transfected with this gene fragment.Cancer Gene Therapy (2007) 14, 389–398. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7701023; published online 2 February 2007
IN-CYLINDER FLOW ANALYSIS USING WAVELET ANALYSIS
D. PARK,P. E. SULLIVAN,J. S. WALLACE 한국자동차공학회 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.3
Better fundamental understanding of the interactions between the in-cylinder flows and combustion process is an important requirement for further improvement in the fuel economy and emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines. Flow near a spark plug at the time of ignition plays an important role for early flame kernel development (EFKD). Velocity data measurements in this study were made with a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) near a spark plug in a single cylinder optical spark ignition (SI) engine with a heart-shaped combustion chamber. LDV velocity data were collected on an individual cycle basis under wide-open motored conditions with an engine speed of 1,000 rpm. This study examines and compares the flow fields as interpreted through ensemble, cyclic and discrete wavelet transformation(DWT) analysis. The energy distributions in the non-stationary engine flows are also investigated over crank angle phase and frequency through continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) for a position near a spark plug. Wavelet analysis is appropriate for analyzing the flow fields in engines because it gives information about the transient events in a time and frequency plane. The results of CWT analysis are provided and compared with the mean flows of DWT first decomposition level for all cycles at a position. Low frequency high energy found with CWT corresponds well with the peak locations of the mean velocity. The high frequency flows caused by the intake jet gradually decay as the piston approaches the bottom dead center (BDC).
IN-CYLINDER FLOW ANALYSIS USING WAVELET ANALYSIS
Park, D.,Sullivan, P.E.,Wallace, J.S. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.3
Better fundamental understanding of the interactions between the in-cylinder flows and combustion process is an important requirement for further improvement in the fuel economy and emissions of internal combustion(IC) engines. Flow near a spark plug at the time of ignition plays an important role for early flame kernel development(EFKD). Velocity data measurements in this study were made with a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) near a spark plug in a single cylinder optical spark ignition(SI) engine with a heart-shaped combustion chamber. LDV velocity data were collected on an individual cycle basis under wide-open motored conditions with an engine speed of 1,000rpm. This study examines and compares the flow fields as interpreted through ensemble, cyclic and discrete wavelet transformation(DWT) analysis. The energy distributions in the non-stationary engine flows are also investigated over crank angle phase and frequency through continuous wavelet transformation(CWT) for a position near a spark plug. Wavelet analysis is appropriate for analyzing the flow fields in engines because it gives information about the transient events in a time and frequency plane. The results of CWT analysis are provided and compared with the mean flows of DWT first decomposition level for all cycles at a position. Low frequency high energy found with CWT corresponds well with the peak locations of the mean velocity. The high frequency flows caused by the intake jet gradually decay as the piston approaches the bottom dead center(BDC).
Chopra, A,O-Sullivan, I,Carr, J,Kim, T S,Cohen, E P Nature Publishing Group 2007 Cancer gene therapy Vol.14 No.6
In a prior report (Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 339–348), we described a new vaccination strategy for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The vaccine was prepared by transfer of unfractionated DNA-fragments (25 kb) from KLN205 cells, a squamous carcinoma cell line (DBA/2 origin; H-2<SUP>d</SUP>) into LM cells, a highly immunogenic mouse fibroblast cell line (C3H/He origin; (H-2<SUP>k</SUP>)). As only a small proportion of the transfected cell population was expected to have incorporated DNA segments that included genes specifying antigens associated with the squamous carcinoma cells, we devised a novel strategy to enrich the vaccine for immunotherapeutic cells. Enhanced immunity to squamous carcinoma was induced in tumor-bearing mice treated solely by immunization with the enriched vaccine, which translated into prolonged survival without toxicity. Here, we describe the characteristics of the cell populations infiltrating established squamous carcinomas undergoing regression in mice immunized with vaccines enriched for immunotherapeutic cells. The results indicated that CD8+ T cells were predominant and that T-regulatory cells (FoxP3+, CD4/CD25+, CD4/CD62L<SUP>high</SUP>, CD4/CTLA-4e) were relatively deficient in the regressing tumors. Inflammatory infiltrates were not detected in various organs and tissues of mice immunized with the DNA-based vaccine.Cancer Gene Therapy (2007) 14, 573–582. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7701040; published online 23 March 2007
Decrease in the CO2 Uptake Capacity in an Ice-Free Arctic Ocean Basin
Cai, W.-J.,Chen, L.,Chen, B.,Gao, Z.,Lee, S. H.,Chen, J.,Pierrot, D.,Sullivan, K.,Wang, Y.,Hu, X.,Huang, W.-J.,Zhang, Y.,Xu, S.,Murata, A.,Grebmeier, J. M.,Jones, E. P.,Zhang, H. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2010 Science Vol.329 No.5991