RUMINAL ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF GOATS FED HAYS AND SILAGES PREPARED FROM ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND ITS PRESSED CAKE

Ohshima, M.,Miyase, K.,Nishino, N.,Yokota, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.1

From the same harvest of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam.), hay(H), wilted silage(WS), pressed cake hay (PCH) and pressed cake silage (PCS) were prepared. These four preserved roughages were restrictedly fed to four goats attached with rumen fistula by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine the effect of different physical and chemical properties of the roughages on the ruminal acid concentrations. Each goat was given a diet at 2% of the body weight daily in dry matter basis by separating into two equal portions. Half was given at 9 AM and the other half at 5 PM. Ruminal pH was reduced to around 5.5 within 30 minutes after feeding PCS and it was recovered above 6 in 1-2 hours after feeding. By feeding WS, ruminal pH was also reduced but never fell below 6. The two hays rather increased ruminal pH after feeding. The reduction of ruminal pH in the silage feedings was due to the high lactic acid content of the silages, because the highest ruminal lactic acid concentration was observed 30 minutes after feeding when the lowest ruminal pH was attained. While the ruminal VFA concentrations became the highest 1-2 hours after feeding. The ruminal acetic acid concentration fluctuated so much that no significant tendency was observed among the four dietary treatments. The ruminal propionic acid concentration was higher in feeding silages reflecting the initial high lactic acid concentration. As the result, acetic/propionic acid ratio was lower in the silage feedings than in hay feedings. Higher ruminal butyric acid concentration was observed in WS than in others.

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF INTACT OR ALKALIZED LUCERNE JUICE AT ENSILING ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RICE STRAW SILAGE

Nishino, N.,Ohshima, M.,Yokota, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.3

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of addition of Lucerne juice (LJ) obtained by mechanical extraction of freshly harvested crop on the nutritive value of rice straw silage. Rice straw (RS) was ensiled with intact, NaOH or $NH_3$ treated LJ at 3:7 ratio on fresh weight basis (LJ RS, LJ NaOH RS and LJ $NH_3$ RS, respectively). Each alkali was mixed with fresh juice at a level of 4% of rice straw dry matter just before ensiling. Rice straw ensiled with water was prepared as the control (W RS). In the digestion trial, goats were allocated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design and fed the diet containing three parts of RS silage and one part of wheat bran (DM basis). For the goats receiving the control silage, urea was supplemented at feeding time so as to adjust the nitrogen intake except for goats on LJ $NH_3$ RS silage. Crude protein content of RS silage was increased from 5.2 to 9.1% (DM basis) by the addition of intact LJ and to about 24% by $NH_3$ treated LJ. The control W RS silage contained only trace amount of lactic acid and was dominated by acetic and butyric acid. The addition of intact LJ reduced butyric acid content and $NH_3-N/TN$ of the silage whereas the addition of alkalized LJ increased those values and shifted to a butyrate type fermentation. Nutrient digestibilities and nitrogen balance of goats were almost the same when they were fed W RS and LJ RS silage indicating the addition of intact LJ did not improve the nutritive value. The addition of alkalized LJ significantly increased the fiber digestibilities of RS silage and $NH_3$ treatment was more effective than NaOH treatment. Postprandial ruminal $NH_3-N$ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were decreased by feeding LJ NaOH RS silage suggesting ruminal protein synthesis was enhanced along with the increase of energy supply for supply for rumen microbes by the alkali treatment. The advantageous fiber digestibilities of LJ $NH_3$ RS silage compared with those of LJ NaOH RS silage might be attributable to a sufficient nitrogen supply for microbial fiber digestion in the rumen.

Precise measurement of hadronic <i>τ</i>-decays with an <i>η</i> meson

Inami, K.,Ohshima, T.,Kaji, H.,Adachi, I.,Aihara, H.,Arinstein, K.,Aulchenko, V.,Aushev, T.,Bedny, I.,Bhardwaj, V.,Bondar, A.,Brač,ko, M.,Browder, T.E.,Chang, M.-C.,Chao, Y.,Chistov, R.,Cho, I.-S Elsevier 2009 Physics letters: B Vol.672 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>We have studied hadronic <I>τ</I> decay modes involving an <I>η</I> meson using 490 fb<SUP>−1</SUP> of data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP> collider. The following branching fractions have been measured: B(<SUP>τ−</SUP>→<SUP>K−</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB>)=(1.58±0.05±0.09)×<SUP>10−4</SUP>, B(<SUP>τ−</SUP>→<SUP>K−</SUP><SUP>π0</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB>)=(4.6±1.1±0.4)×<SUP>10−5</SUP>, B(<SUP>τ−</SUP>→<SUP>π−</SUP><SUP>π0</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB>)=(1.35±0.03±0.07)×<SUP>10−3</SUP>, B(<SUP>τ−</SUP>→<SUP>π−</SUP>KS0η<SUB>ντ</SUB>)=(4.4±0.7±0.2)×<SUP>10−5</SUP>, and B(<SUP>τ−</SUP>→<SUP>K∗−</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB>)=(1.34±0.12±0.09)×<SUP>10−4</SUP>. These results are substantially more precise than previous measurements. The new measurements are compared with theoretical calculations based on the CVC hypothesis or the chiral perturbation theory. We also set upper limits on branching fractions for <I>τ</I> decays into <SUP>K−</SUP>KS0η<SUB>ντ</SUB>, <SUP>π−</SUP>KS0<SUP>π0</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB>, <SUP>K−</SUP>ηη<SUB>ντ</SUB>, <SUP>π−</SUP>ηη<SUB>ντ</SUB> and non-resonant <SUP>K−</SUP><SUP>π0</SUP>η<SUB>ντ</SUB> final states.</P>

DIGESTION OF NAPIERGRASS SILAGE BY GOATS

Yokota, H.,Ohshima, M.,Okajima, T.,Ito, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

DIGESTION OF ALKALI-TREATED ALFALFA SILAGE BY GOATS

Nishino, N.,Ohshima, M.,Miyase, K.,Yokota, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.1

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.

Nutritional Quality of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) Silage Supplemented with Molasses and Rice Bran by Goats

Yokota, H.,Fujii, Y.,Ohshima, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.6

In order to improve silage quality and utilization of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) by goats, the grass was ensiled with molasses (MOL) and/or defatted rice bran (DRB). Napier grass was harvested at the growing stage in July and cut into 3 cm length. The grass was mixed with 4% MOL and/or 15% DRB, ensiled 15 kg each into plastic bags and stored for 9 months. Dry matter content of the silage ensiled with MOL (MOL-silage) was 13.4%, but increased to 20% with DRB addition. The addition of MOL decreased pH value and ammonia nitrogen content, but increased lactic acid content. MOL-silage contained about 6% spoilage, but addition of DRB decreased spoilage to less than 1%. Goats were fed the silage at a level of 2.25% (DM basis) of their body weight. Goats fed DRB- or MOL/DRB-silages maintained nitrogen retention, but goats fed MOL-silage did not. The rumen fluid of goats fed DRB-silage tended to be higher in acetic acid and lower in propionic acid than those fed the other silages. Ammonia in the rumen fluids, urea nitrogen in the blood and the urinary nitrogen excretion were the lowest in goats fed MOL/DRB-silage. As the result, the ratio of retained nitrogen to nitrogen intake was the highest in goats fed MOL/DRB-silage. In conclusion, addition of DRB to napier grass increased DM of silage and decreased the volume of spoilage. The combination of MOL and DRB can improve the fermentation quality and thus enhance the utilization of the silage by goats, more than the MOL or DRB being as a single treatment.

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND ADDITION OF MOLASSES ON THE QUALITY OF NAPIER GRASS (PENNISETUM PURPUREUM SCHUM.) SILAGE

Yokota, H.,Okajima, T.,Ohshima, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.4

The effect of molasses addition and hot temperature on the ensiling characteristics of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) were studied. Napier grass was harvested five times at intervals from 22 to 39 days and each harvest was divided into two equal portions. The half portion was ensiled directly and the other half was ensiled after mixing with molasses into polyethylene bag silos of 15 kg capacity. Molasses was added at the rate of 4% of fresh weight of the grass. One half of the each treatment was conserved at a room of $40^{\circ}C$ for a month and then moved to an ambient temperature room. The other half was kept at ambient temperature for the whole experimental duration. The silages were opened 3 to 7 months after ensiling. Addition of molasses enhanced lactic acid fermentation by increasing lactic acid content and reducing pH value, ammonia nitrogen and acetic, propionic and butyric acid contents of the silages in both temperature treatments. Enhanced temperature increased pH value and decreased acetic, propionic and butyric acids.

EFFECT OF HARVEST INTERVALS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NAPIER GRASS (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) SILAGES FOR GOATS

Yokota, H.,Okajima, T.,Ohshima, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.4

Chemical composition and nutritive values of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silages subjected to two cutting intervals were studies; 1st harvest in July (A), and 2nd (B) and 1st (C) harvests in November. Each forage was ensiled with 4% molasses in plastic bags and stored for 5 or 9 months. A feeding experiment with castrated goats was conducted from April to June of the following year. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) content of the harvests varied from 9.5 to 22.8% and 6.6 to 13.6% of DM, respectively. The dry matter content of the silages fed to the goats were 13.0 to 24.4%, because some effluent was removed from each silage before the feeding trial. The pH values of the silages were between 4.03 and 4.29. Goats were given sufficient silage to meet maintenance nitrogen requirements from napier grass silage. Silage C was not completely consumed, and the silage had low digestibilities of DM, CP, hemicellulose and cellulose. Nitrogen balance was slightly positive for goats consuming silage B and was negative for goats consuming silages A and C. Nitrogen utilization was discussed in terms of ruminal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen fluids. It is concluded that goats could not maintain N-equilibrium not only when a younger forage was consumed at a level of N requirement by a restricted feeding, but also when an older forage could not be consumed enough for N requirement because of feed intake limitation.

Effect of Additives, Storage Temperature and Regional Difference of Ensiling on the Fermentation Quality of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) Silage

Tamada, J.,Yokota, H.,Ohshima, M.,Tamaki, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.1

The effects of addition of celulases (A cremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma viride, CE), a commercial inoculum containing lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, LAB), fermented green juice (macerated napier grass with water was incubated anaerobically with 2% glucose for 1 day, FGJ) and glucose (G), and regional difference of ensiling on napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage were studied by using 900 ml laboratory glass bottle silos under 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ storage conditions in 1995 and 1996. Experiment 1 was carried out to compare the addition of CE, LAB, FGJ and the combinations. Silages were stored for 45 days after ensiling. Experiment 2 studied the effects of applications of CE, LAB, FGJ and G. Experiment 3 was carried out using the similar additives as experiment 2 except for LAB. Silages were stored for 60 days in the experiments 2 and 3. Experiments 1 and 2 were done in Nagoya, and experiment 3 in Okinawa. Sugar addition through CE or G improved the fermentation quality in all the experiments, which resulted in a greater decrease in the pH value and an increased level of lactic acid, while butyric acid contents increased under $30^{\circ}C$ storage condition in CE addition. LAB and FGJ additions hardly affected the silage fermentation quality without additional fermentable carbohydrate. But the combination of LAB, FGJ and glucidic addition (CE and G) improved the fermentation quality. The effect of the regional difference of ensiling between temperate (Nagoya; $35^{\circ}$ N) and subtropical (Okinawa; $26.5^{\circ}$ N) zones on silage fermentation quality was not shown in the present study.

EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN INTO PRESS CAKE ON MAGNESIUM UTILIZATION OF GOATS WITH RELATION TO WATER INTAKE

Kim, S.A.,Ohshima, M.,Kayama, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1988 Animal Bioscience Vol.1 No.1

In a study about minerals cycling in grassland agro-ecosystem, investigation on relations among two minerals, potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg), and nitrogen(N) was performed. Four kinds of diets different in K and N levels were fed to four goats with a Latin-square method and $2{\times}2$ factorial design. As the basal diet, press cake silage prepared from Italian ryegrass was used because of its uniformity and comparatively low mineral concentrations. Supplementation of K and N were made using potassium bicarbonate and urea. In the experiment, it was clearly shown that high K concentration in the forage crops is the main reason of the low utilization of Mg in ruminant animals. However, high nitrogen intake resulted in the increase of magnesium retention, urinary potassium excretion, water intake and volume of urine and in the decreases of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The results of high nitrogen intake seemed to be produced in the following order;increase of urine, increase of water intake, increase of urinary potassium excretion, and decrease of intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The amount of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion had significantly close relationships with magnesium utilization and serum magnesium concentration. As a conclusion, higher nitrogen intake by ruminants seemed to be preferable for magnesium utilization through increased water intake and urinary potassium excretion, if the sufficient drinking water could be supplied to ruminants.