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Ethnic Differences in Iron Absorption and Its Relevance to Personalized Nutrition
Kimberly O’Brien 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2021 No.10
An individual’s genetic background may influence their biological responses to nutrients and their risk of subsequent adverse health outcomes that are linked to nutritional status. Identifying genes that are associated with nutrient utilization has great potential to improve human health and personalize nutritional intakes. Personalized nutrition approaches are highly relevant to iron homeostasis as both iron deficiency and excess impact risk of chronic disease and adverse health outcomes. Large screening studies have evaluated risk of elevated body iron stores as a function of ancestry and have found that individuals of Asian, particularly East Asian ancestry have the highest risk of elevated body iron stores. This finding is surprising given that the most common genetic mutations associated with iron overload (C282Y and H63D) are nearly absent among Asian individuals. Individuals of East Asian ancestry may also develop iron overload-related diseases such as diabetes at a lower body mass index than typically observed among other ancestry groups. Iron balance is controlled at the level of the enterocyte as humans have no regulatable means of excreting excess iron once absorbed into the body. We recently determined that Asian females absorb significantly more non-heme iron than White females even when controlling for body iron stores. Characterizing ethnic differences in iron absorption and identifying variations in genes that are associated with iron absorption may help target iron supplementation to individuals that will benefit most from these practices and optimize dietary iron intake recommendations. This is particularly important for iron given that prophylactic iron supplementation is often recommended to large subsets of the population during vulnerable life stages. One such example is universal prenatal iron supplementation. While this practice is beneficial in preventing maternal anemia in iron deficient women it may place those with certain genotypes at increased risk of excess body iron stores at maturity.
David J. O’Brien 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2012 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.3 No.1
New Institutional Economics (NIE) and New Institutional Sociology (NIS) provide complementary paradigms with which to understand the relationship between formal institutional changes in a reform period and informal institutional structures with which household economies adapt to reform policies. Survey data gathered from rural Russian households from 1991 to 2006 provide an empirical test of hypotheses drawn from NIE and NIS. The most important finding is that in the absence of secure formal property rights informal institutional elements played the dominant role in entrepreneurship and inequality between households in the Russian countryside, but that as formal institutions became legitimized, and the overall economy stabilized, households that made use of these new institutional arrangements had significant advantages vis-à-vis other households. At the same time, regions which have provided opportunities for households to develop a “mixed economy” that combines household enterprise production, which relies to a significant degree on informal institutional elements, and wages and salaries (i.e., working for others), which is based on the legitimization of formal institutional arrangements, have produced substantially higher mean household incomes than have other regions.
Nora M. O'Brien,Rosemary Carpenter,Yvonne C. O'Callaghan,Michael N. O'Grady,Joseph P. Kerry 한국식품영양과학회 2006 Journal of medicinal food Vol.9 No.2
Phytochemicals and plant extracts, present in fruit, vegetables, plants, herbs, and beverages, have been shownto have antioxidant potential that may modulate the etiology of certain chronic diseases. The objective of the present studywas to determine the concentration of compound that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC50) of a range of phytochemicals andplant extracts and to investigate their antioxidant and genoprotective effects under conditions of oxidative stress in U937 cells.Two phytochemicalsresveratrol and citroflavan-3-oland four plant extractsgrapeseed polyphenols, olive leaf extract,bearberry, and Echinacea purpureawere examined. Viability was assessed by the fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromideassay. The IC50 was calculated. To examine their antioxidant and genoprotective effects, U937 cells were pretreated with thetest compounds at levels below the IC50 and then exposed to oxidants: 0.5 .M etoposide or 100 .M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)or 400 .M tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH). Cellular reduced glutathione levels were measured as an indicator of oxidativestress. DNA damage was assessed by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay. Resveratrol demon-strated the highest IC50 value of 13.7 .g/mL, with Echinaceathe lowest at 9,400 .g/mL. Etoposide-induced oxidative stresswas strongly reduced by olive leaf extract and bearberry. Grapeseed polyphenols and bearberry strongly protected againstH2O2- and tBOOH-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that non-nutrient dietary constituentsmay act as significant bioactive compounds and that plant extracts, such as bearberry, grapeseed polyphenols, and olive leafextract, strongly protect against oxidative stress.
MANAGERIAL CAREER ORIENTATIONS: THE CASE OF EXPATRIATE EXECUTIVES IN JAPAN
O'Brien, Peter W.,Wallace Alan Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-
This exploratory study investigated the career orientations of a sample of male and female expatriate executives working in Japan. Specifically, the study investigated their career anchors and internal career success orientations. Previous research on managerial career anchors and internal career success maps has used either monocultural samples of managers working in their home environment or multicultural samples of managers investigated in an educational setting. Such research has often had so few female participants that they were discounted in the findings. A strength of this research was its use of a sample of male and female executives working in a foreign environment. The career anchors profile of this sample differed from profiles reported I previous research. The most preferred career anchors among the expatriate executives were managerial competence and lifestyle, but respondents placed a higher importance on autonomy and independence, service and dedication and pure challenge than previously reported in monocultural domestic samples. The most preferred internal career success orientation was getting balanced, rather than the getting ahead orientation previously reported. Some statistically significant differences were found according to gender, national origin and age. The data support the view that within any given occupation or career there are very different groups of people with different goals, lifestyles, values and talents. Understanding the internal careers of expatriate executives may assist in selecting successful candidates for international assignments.