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Increasing Consistent Condom Use in sub-Saharan Africa
Nasser B. Ebrahim 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2014 국제학논총 Vol.22 No.-
Despite reports of availability of condoms in many African countries, the spread of HIV infection remains unabated and is a major public health problem as consistent condom use has all, but become a theoretical possibility. In sub-Saharan Africa, consistent condom use is constrained by a myriad of social, structural, and cultural factors. Programs of condom use social marketing in sub-Saharan Africa have either failed or appeared to have only a modest impact in reducing the spread of HIV. This article reviews determinants of condom use in sub-Saharan Africa; provides the impact of condom social marketing in sub-Saharan Africa thus far; and synthesizes the case for utility of community?based social marketing approach that augments and integrates community knowledge, skills, and resources to increase condom use for preventing the spread of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan,Ebrahim, Nasser B.,Gnawali, Shreejana Elsevier 2018 Child abuse & neglect Vol.76 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We examined the prevalence of child maltreatment as measured by the level of physical (moderate to severe) and emotional abuse and child labor, and the associated household level determinants of child maltreatment in Nepal. We used a nationally representative data set from the fifth round of the Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (the 2014 NMICS). The main independent variables were household level characteristics. Dependent variables included child experience of moderate to severe physical abuse, emotional abuse, and child labor (domestic work and economic activities). Bivariate analyses and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that nearly half of the children (49.8%) had experienced moderate physical abuse, 21.5% experienced severe physical abuse, and 77.3% experienced emotional abuse. About 27% of the children had engaged in domestic work and 46.7% in various economic activities. At bivariate level, educational level of household’s head and household wealth status had shown significant statistical association with child maltreatment (p<0.001). Results from multivariate logistic regressions showed that higher education levels and higher household wealth status protected children from moderate to severe physical abuse, emotional abuse and child labor. In general, child maltreatment is a neglected social issue in Nepal and the high rates of child maltreatment calls for mass awareness programs focusing on parents, and involving all stakeholders including governments, local, and international organizations.</P>
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