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FTA Influence on Trade Creation and Diversion by Regional Trading Blocs
Keembiyahettige Nandasiri,Jung Hur 한국경제연구학회 2008 Korea and the World Economy Vol.9 No.2
Using Augmented Gravity Model in Panel context covering 9,832 country pairs (184 countries) over 9 years, this study examines trade creation and trade diversion effects of Regional Trading Blocs in presence of overlapping FTAs with reference to seven selected Regional Blocs, namely; ASEAN, NAFTA, EFTA, DR-CAFTA, EU, CARICOM and SAARC networked with 79 FTAs. The main research question is whether an FTA between an outsider and insider country of a Regional Trading Bloc creates trade for both parties equally or unequally. We found economically plausible and statistically significant evidences that outsider-countries trading with Regional Blocs are adversely exploited by insider-countries for their own benefits, rather than mutual, in absence of FTAs. More interestingly it was found that the countries being exploited can effectively reverse their adverse position by forming an FTA with the Regional Blocs concerned. Trading "with an FTA" is always more beneficial for both parties than trading "without an FTA," though the benefits are unequal.
FTA Negotiations in Asia-Pacific Region
Ruwan Jayathilaka,Nandasiri Keembiyahetti 한국경제연구학회 2009 Korea and the World Economy Vol.10 No.1
Historically, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have been, and will continue to be, an important gateway for improving world trade, given that the world trading system is substantially hampered by man-made barriers. This paper examines into the deterministic key factors and their relative importance for FTA negotiations among the bilateral trading partners using a Probit Model based on 9,178 nonzero trading pairs having 705 active and operational bilateral FTAs. Based on the estimated model, the study projects the future potentiality of FTA negotiations in the Asia-Pacific region. The study works on eleven hypotheses regarding the dependency of FTA on the economic and non-economic characteristics of the bilateral trading partners and the findings support 9 out of the 11 hypotheses. The likelihood of forming an FTA between a pair of countries is higher: (1) the closer in distance the two trading partners are; (2) less remote a natural pair is relative to other countries; (3) economically larger the trading partners are; (4) more similar the trading partners are in economic size; (5) larger the differences in relative factor intensity are; (6) greater is the political stability; (7) more discontinued than connected by a common border; (8) for countries having higher import tariffs in the past; and (9) larger the number of FTAs the neighborhood countries have already signed up. These factors have economically important and statistically significant effects on the probability to form an FTA. However, this study rejected the null favouring alternative that (10) sharing a common language or having colonial relationships has no influence on negotiating for an FTA. Furthermore, our findings rejected (11) the null that countries having a higher degree of export/import intensity tend to form FTAs leading to the conclusion that the past trade or existing level of trade is not a good motivation to form FTAs. Based on the estimated model the study shows that the Asia-Pacific region is well beyond the South Asian region in terms of FTA potentiality, but the European region shows more potentiality than Asia-Pacific and any other region in the world.
Coupled Lattice Polarization and Ferromagnetism in Multiferroic NiTiO<sub>3</sub> Thin Films
Varga, Tamas,Droubay, Timothy C.,Kovarik, Libor,Nandasiri, Manjula I.,Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam,Hu, Dehong,Kim, Bumsoo,Jeon, Seokwoo,Hong, Seungbum,Li, Yulan,Chambers, Scott A. American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.26
<P>Polarization-induced weak ferromagnetism (WFM) was demonstrated a few years back in LiNbO3-type compounds, MTiO3 (M = Fe, Mn, Ni). Although the coexistence of ferroelectric polarization and ferromagnetism has been demonstrated in this rare multiferroic family before, first in bulk FeTiO3, then in thin-film NiTiO3, the coupling of the two order parameters has not been confirmed Here, we report the stabilization of polar, ferromagnetic NiTiO3 by oxide epitaxy on a LiNbO3 substrate utilizing tensile strain and demonstrate the theoretically predicted coupling between its polarization and ferromagnetism by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism under applied fields. The experimentally observed direction of ferroic ordering in the film is supported by simulations using the phase-field approach. Our work validates symmetry-based criteria and first-principles calculations of the coexistence of ferroelectricity and WFM in MTiO3 transition metal titanates crystallizing in the LiNbO3 structure. It also demonstrates the applicability of epitaxial strain as a viable alternative to high-pressure crystal growth to stabilize metastable materials and a valuable tuning parameter to simultaneously control two ferroic order parameters to create a multiferroic. Multiferroic NiTiO3 has potential applications in spintronics where ferroic switching is used, such as new four-stage memories and electromagnetic switches.</P>