Acute inflammation reveals GABAA receptor‐mediated nociception in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons via PGE ₂ receptor 4 signaling

Jang, In Jeong,Davies, Alexander J.,Akimoto, Nozomi,Back, Seung Keun,Lee, Pa Reum,Na, Heung Sik,Furue, Hidemasa,Jung, Sung Jun,Kim, Yong Ho,Oh, Seog Bae John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2017 Physiological reports Vol.5 No.8

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarizes dorsal root ganglia (DRG) primary afferent neurons through activation of Cl<SUP>−</SUP> permeable GABAA receptors but the physiologic role of GABAA receptors in the peripheral terminals of DRG neurons remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of peripheral GABAA receptors in nociception using a mouse model of acute inflammation. In vivo, peripheral administration of the selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol evoked spontaneous licking behavior, as well as spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neuron firing, after pre‐conditioning with formalin but had no effect in saline‐treated mice. GABAA receptor‐mediated pain behavior after acute formalin treatment was abolished by the GABAA receptor blocker picrotoxin and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. In addition, treatment with prostaglandin E2 (PGE<SUB>2</SUB>) was sufficient to reveal muscimol‐induced licking behavior. In vitro, GABA induced sub‐threshold depolarization in DRG neurons through GABAA receptor activation. Both formalin and PGE<SUB>2</SUB> potentiated GABA‐induced Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> transients and membrane depolarization in capsaicin‐sensitive nociceptive DRG neurons; these effects were blocked by the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonist AH23848 (10 <I>μ</I>mol/L). Furthermore, potentiation of GABA responses by PGE<SUB>2</SUB> was prevented by the selective Na<SUB>v</SUB>1.8 antagonist A887826 (100 nmol/L). Although the function of the Na<SUP>+</SUP>‐K<SUP>+</SUP>‐2Cl<SUP>‐</SUP> co‐transporter NKCC1 was required to maintain the Cl<SUP>‐</SUP> ion gradient in isolated DRG neurons, NKCC1 was not required for GABAA receptor‐mediated nociceptive behavior after acute inflammation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GABAA receptors may contribute to the excitation of peripheral sensory neurons in inflammation through a combined effect involving PGE<SUB>2</SUB>‐EP4 signaling and Na<SUP>+</SUP> channel sensitization.</P>

광주광역시 전문계 고등학교 특성화 및 종합발전방안

나승일,정철영,김진모,안강현,한홍진,김기용,민상기,장현진 한국농업교육학회 2008 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.40 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 광주광역시 전문계 고등학교의 특성화 및 종합발전방안을 수립하는데 있다. 이 연구는 ① 전문계 고등학교 관련 선행연구 분석,② 인력육성 및 특성화 방향을 설정하기 위하여 광주광역시,전라남도,우리나라의 산업여건 분석,③ 광주광역시 전문계 고등학교에 대해 Malcolm Baldrige 평가모형에 의한 진단평가와 SWOT 및 활용전략 분석, ④ 광주광역시 전문계 고등학교의 개편 요구 분석,⑤ 광주광역시 전문계 고등학교의 특성화 및 종합발전방안 설정 등의 과정을 통해 수행되었다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째,비전은 광주광역시 전문계고 특성화와 발전 역량 구축을 통한 산업체 요구에 부합하는 우수 인력 양성이며,이를 위한 전략은 특성화 체제구축,학교교육 혁신,인적 자원 혁신,학교경영 혁신,인프라 구축으로 설정하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 특성화 체제 구축은 특성화 체제 개편,교육과정 중심 특성화,학과 재배치 통합형 고교 도입,특성화고 신설을 통해 추진할 수 있 는데 특히,교육과정 중심 특성화가 적극 도입되어야 한다. 셋째,학교교육 혁신은 교육과정 개편,교수 학습 개선,진로지도 개선,시설 및 기자재 개선을 통해 추진할 수 있다. 넷째,인적자원 혁신은 학교 관리자 역량 강화,교원 역량 강화,학생 역량 강화를 통해 추진할 수 있다. 다섯째,학교경영 혁신은 경영 리더십 제고,경영 성과관리 강화,학교 재정 혁신을 통해 추진할 수 있다. 여섯째,인프라 구축을 위해 지자체,대학,산업체,지역주민과 연계 강화를 통해 추진할 수 있다. 일곱째,13개 전문계 고둥학교의 여건 및 특성에 적합한 단위학교별 특성화 및 종합발전방안을 수립하였다. The purpose of this study was to suggest strategies to specialize and develop vocational high schools in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The study was orderly performed as follows: (1) reviewing literature about vocational high school, (2) analyzing the condition of industries, (3) diagnosing the vocational high school through Malcolm Baldrige model, (4) analyzing the SWOT and application strategies, (5) analyzing the needs of reform, and (6) establishing the strategies for the specialization and development of Vocational High Schools in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The major findings of this study were as the following: First, the vision was to bring up excellent human resources to corresponds industrial needs through specialization and development of vocational high schools in Gwangju Metropolitan City. Five strategies to achieve it were creating the specialization system, innovating the school education, human resources, and the school management, and building the infrastructure. Second, creating the specialization system can be performed through five tasks which were restructuring the specialization system, creating curriculum-based specialization, trading departments in inter-schools, introducing an integrated high school, and building a new specialized high school. Especially curriculum based specialization needs to be accepted. Third, innovating the school education can be performed through four tasks which were reorganizing the curriculum, improving the teaching and learning, improving the career guidance, and improving the facilities and equipments. Fourth, innovating human resources can be performed through three tasks which were enhancing each competencies of a school manager, a teacher, and a student. Fifth, innovating the school management can be performed through three tasks which were improving the management leadership, developing the performance management, and innovating the school finance. Sixth, building the infrastructure can be performed through four tasks which were enhancing the relationships with a local government, colleges, industries, and local residents. Seventh, individual strategies for the specialization and development of thirteen vocational high schools were also developed by corresponding to their conditions and characteristics.

전자상거래 시스템에 적용 가능한 이동 에이전트 보안 메커님즘의 설계

나승현,한승조,정일용 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2001 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.4 No.1

This paper suggests the table for a mobile agent path which performs on transfer a mobile agent in security and based on which introduced the transfer protocol of a mobile agent. As the last prodceure of this, shows that how to write the closing time of a mobile transferring by using a Time stamp and keep not only preparing for the stop and attack for a receiving host but also the record of the transfer for a mobile agent. Later this paper will analyzes the security for an attack of a receiving host, a transmitting host and the third part host based on proposed system.

담양군 가사문화권의 관광상품화 전략

나승화,정용악 한국문화관광학회 2001 문화관광연구 Vol.3 No.1

Damyang County is considered as the rest area of Gwangju resident and is not benefited. Now we have to take interest in value of Damyang county's value and increase resident income. In order to increase the value, the development of tourist products must be settled without delay. If a self-governing body make an investment in the tourist industry and we secure experts and develope cultural products, the growth of this area will be amazed.

서울대학교 직업교육 CEO과정 참여자의 학습 전이 수준

나승일,김기용 한국농업교육학회 2007 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.39 No.4

이 연구의 목적은 교육인적자원부가 주최하고 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 부설 중등교육연수원이 주관한 직업교육 최고경영자 육성을 위한 ‘서울대학교 직업교육 CEO과정’ 참여자의 학습전이 수준을 구명하는데 있었다. 연구 모집단은 2005년 8월에서 2007년 2월까지‘서울대학교 직업교육 CEO 과정’이수자들로,4기에 걸쳐 참여한 총 170명이었다. 조사도구는 ‘서울대학교 직업교육 CEO과정’ 의 교육목적 및 목표 분석을 통해 개발된 학습전이 척도와 이수시기,개인특성,기관특성의 일반적 특성을 묻는 척도로 구성된 질문지를 사용하였다. 자료 수집은 총 142부가 회수되어 회수율은 83.5%이었다. 이 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째,직업교육 CEO과정의 참여자들은 직업교육 최고경영자들의 특성과 유사하였다. 둘째,직업교육 CEO과정 참여자들의 학습전이 수준은 상당히 높았다. 셋째,직업교육 CEO과정의 학습전이 수준은 과정 이수 경과기간이 길수록 약간 낮은 경향이 있지만 통계적으로 차이가 없이 모두 높았다. 하지만 관리직 경력이 긴 경우가 짧은 경우보다 학습전이 수준이 높았다 넷째,직업교육 CEO과정 참여자의 개인 및 기관 특성 가운데 유일하게 관리직 경력은 학습전이 수준과 낮은 상관이 있었다. The purpose of this study was to determine the learning transfer level of participants in the SNU Leadership Academy for Chief Executive Officers in Vocational Education (also known as the Vocational Education CEO program). The subjects for the study were 170 CEOs who completed the Vocational Education CEO program from August, 2005 to Feburary, 2007. A survey questionnaire was developed by the researchers, which consisted of the learning transfer scale and personal background characteristics of the respondents. 142 out of 170 questionnaires were returned and the response percentage was 83.5%. The major findings of this study were as the following: First, the background characteristics of participants in the Vocational Education CEO program were similar to those of the high performance CEO in vocational education. Second, the learning transfer level of participants in the Vocational Education CEO program was very high level. Third, the learning transfer level was significantly different according to years of their career. Fourth, the level has a low relationship with years of their career, but no relationships with other variables in the study.

농업생명과학대학 교수가 활용하는 교수설계, 방법 및 전략

김기용,나승일,문세연 한국농업교육학회 2009 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.41 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 농업생명과학대학 교수들이 과목 지도에서 활용하는 교수전략, 방법 및 전략을 확인하는데 있었다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 총 46개 대학에 근무하는 1,471명의 교수 중 307명을 단순무선표집하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 농학계 대학 교수들은 교수능력을 개발하기 위한 기회가 부족한 편이며, 교육방법에 대한 학습경험이 적은 편이다. 둘째, 농학계 대학 교수들은 사전에 수업운영에 대한 구상은 하지만 실제적인 지도계획 수립이나 구체적인 자료준비는 부족하며, 수업을 위한 교안 작성자는 과반수에 지나지 않았다. 셋째, 농학계 대학 교수들은 강의법, 실험 및 실습 등의 한정된 수업방법을 주로 활용하나 최근에 강조되는 학습자 중심 교수방법들의 활용은 부족한 것으로 나타났고, 실제 수업 단계에서 특히 수업 도입이나 마무리 단계가 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 농학계 대학 교수들은 학생 강의평가 결과를 수업개선에 적극적으로 활용하지 않으며, 강의평가를 제외한 대학차원의 교수개선 지원이 부족하다. 이러한 결과에 기초하여 이 연구에서는 농업 및 농촌 현장과 연계된 교육, 교육목표에 적절한 교수설계, 학습자 중심의 교수방법 활용, 강의부담 경감, 교수 전문성 향상을 위한 기회 및 지원 제공 등의 개선방안을 제안하였다. The purpose of this study was to identify the instructional designs, teaching methods and strategies used by professors in the college of agriculture and life sciences in Korea. The population for this study was 1,471 professors of agriculture and life science colleges. 307 professors were randomly chosen from the population for the study. The survey was carried out by e-mail or in person. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, professors of colleges of agriculture and life sciences do not have many opportunities to improve their own teaching abilities. Also, they do not have many training experiences in taking pedagogy class, and attending seminars and workshops. Second, professors do not make an actual lesson plan or prepare enough learning aids materials on a class period base. Third, the professors rarely used the more learner-centered approaches. In addition, they usually emphasized on the "body stage" of each lesson which resulted in the unbalanced instruction in the "opening" and the "closing stages" of the lesson. Finally, professors execute the course evaluation, but the results of these evaluations are not being used for improvement of teaching and learning. Based on these results, some recommendations were made: the field-related education in agriculture, proper systematic design of the course teaching, use of more learner-centered teaching methods, building the constructive environment for the professors by reducing mandatory lectures and the balanced teaching from the opening to the closing in every instruction.

Pulse Power를 이용한 혐기성 소화 효율 증대

최한나,전용우,정윤진,홍승모 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Anaerobic digestion is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants to stabilize sludge produced in primary and secondary treatment, to produce renewable energy as methane, and to reduce the volume of solids for ultimate disposal. Previous studies on anaerobic digestibility of primary and secondary sludge present that secondary sludge showed poor anaerobic digestibility and less gas production. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of pulse power pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of waste activated sludge. These objectives were achieved through operation of carefully-controlled laboratory digesters under various conditions. The conclusion made from this study are as follows: 1) To maximize the efficiency of pulse power pretreatment for waste activated sludge, the optimum operation conditions for coaxial reactor with 7 rings are decided as follows; a) optimum pulse repetition rate : 110㎐, b)feeding service : once-through mode, c) optimum hydraulic retention time : 1.0-1.5sec 2) Pretreated WAS by pulse power system showed increase of SCOD, ECP, and V.A by 13.6, 4.6, and 7.1 times. 3) From the results from operation of lab scaled anaerobic digester, pulse power sludge pretreatment increased GPR from 0.39㎥gas/㎏VS_add · day to 0.66㎥gas/㎏VS_add · day and methane content from 43.9% to 87.9%. Thus, increase of methane production rate was increased by 3.4times. 4) During the steady state operation of anaerobic digester, the removal efficiency of TCOD and VS were improved by 44.6% and 31.5% respectively after pulse power pretreatment of waste activated sludge.

비강 및 부비동에 발생한 반전성 유두종의 임상-병리조직학적 고찰

노용훈,이승학,전세영,김용기,나한조,최봉남,서재홍 조선의대 1995 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.20 No.2

뇌손상 후 인지기능장애에 대한 메칠페니데이트의 효과-이중맹검 위약대조 연구-

김연희,나승용,신용일,서정환 大韓再活醫學會 2000 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.24 No.4

인장력을 받는 ㄷ형강 고력볼트 접합부의 감소계수 U값에 관한 연구

김진숙,표영석,나승욱,신영록,김보영,최문식 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2(구조계)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of reduction coefficient according to the limit state design of steel structures in the bolted joints of tension members. It was carried out the tensile testing about high strength bolted connections performed in structural steel channels. Considered parameters are the number and row of bolts, the connection length, connection eccentricity of the specimen. The test results showed that failures generally came (a) classic net section, (b) block shear failures. We found that the professional factor, obtained by calculating the test failure load divided by the nominal specification strength, is lower than 1.00. We thought that the reason was the moment produced by eccentric loading depends upon the connection geometry as well as the rotational stiffness of the connection.