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Mushtaq, M.M.H.,Pasha, T.N.,Akram, M.,Mushtaq, T.,Parvin, R.,Choi, H.C.,Hwangbo, J.,Kim, J.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.6
Requirements of dietary chloride (dCl) and chloride salts were determined by using $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement under four phase feeding program. Four levels (0.31, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73%) and two sources ($NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$) of the dCl were allocated to 1,472 chicks in eight dietary treatments in which each treatment was replicated four times with 46 birds per replicate. The four phase feeding program was comprised of four dietary phases: Prestarter (d 1 to 10), Starter (d 11 to 20), Grower (d 21 to 33) and Finisher (d 34 to 42); and diets were separately prepared for each phase. The cations, anions, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were analyzed in drinking water and were not affected by dietary treatments. BW gain (BWG; $p{\leq}0.009$) and feed:gain (FG; $p{\leq}0.03$) were improved in $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets during d 1 to 10. The maximum response of BWG and FG was observed at 0.38% and 0.42% dCl, respectively, for d 34 to 42. However, the level of dCl for BWG during d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.04$) and d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.009$) was optimized at 0.60% and 0.42%, respectively. The level of dCl for optimized feed intake (FI; $p{\leq}0.006$), FG ($p{\leq}0.007$) and litter moisture (LM; $p{\leq}0.001$) was observed at 0.60%, 0.38% and 0.73%, respectively, for d 1 to 42. Water intake (DWI) was not affected by increasing dCl supplementation (p>0.05); however, the ratio between DWI and FI (DWI:FI) was found highest at 0.73% dCl during d 1 to 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$) and d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.009$). Except for d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.006$), the increasing level of dCl did not result in a significant difference in mortality during any phase. Blood pH and glucose, and breast and thigh weights (percentage of dressed weight) were improved while dressing percentage (DP) and gastrointestinal health were exacerbated with $NH_4Cl$ as compared to $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Higher plasma $Na^+$ and $HCO_3{^-}$ and lower $Cl^-$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were observed in $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Increasing supplementation of dCl increased plasma $Cl^-$ ($p{\leq}0.04$; quadratically) and linearly reduced plasma $K^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($p{\leq}0.003$), $HCO_3{^-}$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), and $Na^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratically). Consequently, higher requirements of dietary chloride are suggested for feed intake; nevertheless, lower levels of dietary chloride are sufficient to support optimal BWG and FG with increasing age. The $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ameliorate breast and thigh meat yield along with overall energy balance (glucose).
Mushtaq, M.M.H.,Pasha, T.N.,Saima, Saima,Akram, M.,Mushtaq, T.,Parvin, R.,Farooq, U.,Mehmood, S.,Iqbal, K.J.,Hwangbo, J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.12
A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.
Mushtaq, Azeem,Cho, Hoon,Ahmed, Muhammad Ajaz,Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur,Han, Jong-In Elsevier 2019 Journal of membrane science Vol.590 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, a new method of fabricating highly electro-conductive membranes, namely electroplating, was developed and its product performance was examined via microalgae harvesting. In this method, a layer of silver nanowires (AgNWs) was first vacuum-deposited on a poly(ether sulfone) support, followed by electroplating of silver layer. The electroplated membrane (C-AgNWs) found to exhibit surpassingly enhanced electrical conductivity (3.9 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> S/cm) and a satisfactory level of mechanical stability under prolonged filtration. When microalgae, <I>Chlorella</I> sp. HS-2, was harvested via electro-filtration, the membrane exhibited the intended effect of fouling mitigation, both in continuous and intermittent electric fields. This was attributed to the enhanced electrostatic repulsive forces between foulants and membrane along with in-situ electro-bubble generation from the membrane, reducing the overall blockage of the membrane surface. The intermittent mode was able to effectively mitigate fouling and recover flux to its initial level, with the effect compromised in successive steps. The continuous mode, however, did not display such performance degradation over time, but an increase of 480% in permeate flux at 20 V/mm. All this supported that the electroplating can serve as a promising route for the sake of fabricating the workable electro-membranes, conductive membranes that have boundless application potentials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Electroplating can be a useful method for workable electro-membrane fabrication. </LI> <LI> Highly electro-conductive (3.9 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> S/cm) yet stable electro-membrane can be synthesized by this method. </LI> <LI> The AgNWs-based electroplated membrane can be used for efficient microalgae harvesting. </LI> <LI> The fabricated membrane can exhibit good antifouling property in continuous and intermittent modes of electro-filtration. </LI> </UL> </P>
Mushtaq, U.,Kim, D.W.,Yun, U.J.,Lee, J.W.,Lee, S.B.,Park, S.J.,Song, R.H.,Kim, G.,Lim, T.H. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2015 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.40 No.18
<P>A flat tubular segmented in series (SIS)-SOFC was fabricated with variable cathode thicknesses and the performance characteristics were analyzed. Vacuum slurry dip coating and screen printing technique were employed to coat the NiO-Ce(1)ScSZ(10) anode, Ce(1)ScSZ(10) electrolyte, and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8 cathode on the extruded 3YSZ ceramic support. A sub module consisting of 5-cell with a total active electrode area of 4 cm(2) was interconnected in series using Ag-glass composite. Electrochemical performance analysis was conducted between 600 and 800 degrees C using 300 CC/min. 3 vol.% humidified hydrogen fuel and 1500 CC/mm air as oxidant. The results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current voltage polarization curves revealed a 57 mu m thick cathode layer as the optimum thickness. An application of LSCo as the cathode current collector on the surface of the cathode enhanced the performance by approximately 30% at 750 degrees C. Copyright (C) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Mushtaq, Mirza Muhammad Haroon,Parvin, Rana,Kim, Jihyuk Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology 2014 한국축산학회지 Vol.56 No.1
The effect of sodium and sodium salts on carcass and body organ characteristics of broilers under a four phase feeding program were investigated. A basal diet (0.08% dNa with NaCl) was formulated and one of two sources of dNa ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented to obtain four different percentages of dNa (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) for each treatment. There was a linear decrease in dressing percentage (DP) with source ${\times}$ level interaction ($p{\leq}0.001$), while there was a linear increase in breast yield and thigh yield with increasing dNa supplementation ($p{\leq}0.001$). Chicks fed 0.35% $NaHCO_3$ and 0.44% dNa $Na_2SO_4$ supplemental salts had lower abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.04$). Chicks that received increasing levels of dNa (from 0.17 to 0.44%) showed increasing gizzard weight ($p{\leq}0.02$) and decreasing spleen weight ($p{\leq}0.02$). When both salts were supplemented at 0.26% dNa, the chicks showed their lowest bursa weight ($p{\leq}0.001$). Consequently, chicks at higher dNa showed an increase in breast and thigh meat yield, and increasing capacity of their digestive organ. The higher levels of dNa should be tested with other cations and anions to fully understand acid base homoeostasis.