http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Improvement of Trust and Reputation using Intrusion Detection and Authentication in Ad Hoc Networks
Gulshan Kumar,Rahul Saha,Mritunjay Kumar Rai 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.4
The indefinite need of dynamic environment has always imposed a concern on ad hoc networks and its application. It is often found that the internal nodes in such infrastructureless network are compromising with the trust factor to forward the packets and are able to exploit the trust to create different types of attacks such as black hole, worm hole, DDoS etc. The recent literature survey in this line of study gives an impression to the fact that the trust for the internal nodes in the networks has been emphasized less while designing any security approach for the routing protocols. Besides, the concept of watchdog/pathrater has been considered to be an inefficient if used alone. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed an algorithm using intrusion detection and authentication method to provide enough trust in the routing path. The algorithm is having two layer of security aspect: watchdog-pathrater is used as the first layer along with a threshold value and secondly, end-to-end authentication is used to maintain the trust among the nodes in the network. The results are simulated in Network Simulator-2 (NS2). The results of the simulation show that the proposed algorithm minimizes the attacks in routing path. We have also compared our proposed algorithm with the two existing algorithm recently identified in the literature. The comparison also depicts the fact of the efficiency of our algorithm.
Mital Tanya,Kamal Manoj,Kumar Mritunjay,Kumar Rakesh,Bhatia Pradeep,Singariya Geeta 대한마취통증의학회 2021 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.16 No.4
Background: Epidural block placement in pediatric patients is technically challenging for anesthesiologists. The use of ultrasound (US) for the placement of an epidural catheter has shown promise. We compared landmark-guided and US-guided lumbar or lower thoracic epidural needle placement in pediatric patients.Methods: This prospective, randomized, comparative trial involved children aged 1–6 years who underwent abdominal and thoracic surgeries. Forty-five children were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated random number table, and group allocation was performed by the sealed opaque method into either landmark-guided (group LT) or real-time ultrasound-guided (group UT) epidural placement. The primary outcome was a comparison of the procedure time (excluding US probe preparation). Secondary outcomes were the number of attempts (re-insertion of the needle), bone contacts, needle redirection, skin-to-epidural distance using the US in both groups, success rate, and complications.Results: The median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to reach epidural space was 105.5 (297.0) seconds in group LT and 143.0 (150) seconds in group UT; P = 0.407). While the first attempt success rate was higher in the UT group (87.0% in UT vs. 40.9% in LT; P = 0.004), the number of bone contacts, needle redirections, and procedure-related complications were significantly lower. Conclusions: The use of US significantly reduced needle redirection, number of attempts, bone contact, and complications. There was no statistically significant difference in the time to access the epidural space between the US and landmark technique groups.