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Strategy for Insecticide Resistance Management Approach to IPM
Motoyama, Naoki,Dauterman, W.C. Korean Society of Applied Entomology 1992 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.31 No.3
Insecticide resistance is a serious is a serious threat to IPM, resulting in various adverse effects not to mention the loss of yield in agriculture. One approach to counter the problem is the disruption of resistance mechanisms. This can be achieved by (1) compounds which show a negative correlation with resistance at the site of action, (2) specific metabolic inhibitors which serve as synergists, or (3) a certain combination of two insecticides producing a joint action. This approach, however, requires certain precautions for the side effects may cause an increase in toxicity to mammals. Owing to the recent advances in theoretical studies on resistance management employing computer simulation and mathematical models, a few principles to reduce the risk of development of resistance have been clarified. They are helpful in designing operational strategies with regard to, for instance, insecticide doses to be applied, mode of application, and choice and nature of the insecticide(s) to be used. For restoration of insecticide susceptibility of a resistant population, reintroduction of susceptible individuals to the resistant population is feasible when certain conditions are met. Natural enemies which developed resistance to insecticides can be an important component of IPM as has been shown in the pest management in apple orchards. After all, the implementation of a successful resistance management program depends upon cooperation between different sigments of the agricutural community. Although resistance is a preadaptive phenomenon, in some cases spontaneous loss of resistance does occur without contamination by susceptible individuals. The instability of resistance in these insects implies the possible existence of a switch machanism controlling the expression of resistance gene(s). Elucidation of such a mechanism may eventually provide us with a new technical approach with which we can combat the problem of insecticide resistance.
Motoyama, H. 충남대학교 심령과학연구회 1980 심령과학회지 Vol.- No.5
사람이 chakra의 활동을 조절하게 되면 또한 작성된 chakra로부터 에너지의 방출도 조절할 수 있게 된다. 이상의 자료에 조절되는 chakra에서 방출되는 에너지는 상이한 전위차를 나타내며 에너지가 방출될때의 좌선의 경우와 피실험자의 안정상태의 경우의 형태도 역시 다르다.