Efficient Interleukin-21 Production by Optimization of Codon and Signal Peptide in Chinese Hamster Ovarian Cells

( Hee Jun Cho ),( Byung Moo Oh ),( Jong-tae Kim ),( Jeewon Lim ),( Sang Yoon Park ),( Yo Sep Hwang ),( Kyoung Eun Baek ),( Bo-yeon Kim ),( Inpyo Choi ),( Hee Gu Lee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.2

Interleukin-21 is a common γ-chain cytokine that controls the immune responses of B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Targeting IL-21 to strengthen the immune system is promising for the development of vaccines as well as anti-infection and anti-tumor therapies. However, the practical application of IL-21 is limited by the high production cost. In this study, we improved IL-21 production by codon optimization and selection of appropriate signal peptide in CHO-K1 cells. Codon-optimized or non-optimized human IL-21 was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells. IL-21 expression was 10-fold higher for codon-optimized than non-optimized IL-21. We fused five different signal peptides to codon-optimized mature IL-21 and evaluated their effect on IL-21 production. The best result (a 3-fold increase) was obtained using a signal peptide derived from human azurocidin. Furthermore, codon-optimized IL-21 containing the azurocidin signal peptide promoted IFN-γ secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells similar to codon-optimized IL-21 containing original signal peptide. Collectively, these results indicate that codon optimization and azurocidin signal peptides provide an efficient approach for the high-level production of IL-21 as a biopharmaceutical.

회분식 발효 Data를 이용한 생물반응기의 부피산소전달계수(KLa)추산 방법

趙武煥 영남대학교 공업기술연구소 1989 연구보고 Vol.17 No.1

A simple and practical estimation method of volumetirc oxygen transfer coefficient(??)was developed theoretically and was demonstrated experimentally. This new method used real batch fermentation data, i.e., cell density and dissolved oxygen concentration profiles versus time. The advantages of this method were that it estimated kla on the real fermentation conditions, and that kla was not affected by the response time of DO probe.

잃어버린 문학전통 : 모녀관계의 탐구 Mother & Daughter Relationship

조무석 淑明女子大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

Many women writers have generally been neglected and misunderstood in the patriarchies for a long time because of their being female. The lost tradition of women's literature has been found by the feminist critics since Virginia Woolf. This study aims at discovering the tradition of mother & daughter relationship which is one of the lost traditions. Mary Wollstonecraft(1759∼1797) became a foremother, not only for biological daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley, who read her parents' books while sitting by her mother's grave, but also for literary women from Margaret Fuller to Virginia Woolf, and Adrienne Rich, all of whom have extended the tradition of feminist polemic she established. Wollstonecraft's fervent radicalism extended from a critique of private property and political oppression to a protest against the subjection of women. Her most famous book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1972), is a justification of women's rights and an attack against the wrongs inflicted on women, in which she claims that women's manners have been corrupted by a culture that exalts feminine inferiority. She had been unable to complete her last project, a novel entitled Maria : The Wrongs of Woman(1979), in which she fictionalized her own feminism. Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley (1797∼1851) was a daughter of the feminist theoretician Mary Wollstonecraft and a rationalist philosopher William Godwin. She eloped with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley when she was only sixteen to be his wife later, and when she was only nineteen she wrote Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus(1818). perhaps the most memorable and influential science fiction fantasy ever written in English. By Frankenstein, she attempted secretely to criticize and destruct the system of patriarchy, which is a male-dominated society, in order to construct the new androgynous society, where femininity and masculinity are harmoniously balanced. Always conscious of her maternal inheritance, Mary once declared : If I have never written to vindicate the rights of women, I have ever befriended women when oppressed. At every risk I have befriended and supported victims to the social system.' But she needed not have struggled to justify herself, for with her imaginative energy she had accomplished as much as her mother had.

페미니스트 文學批評에 관한 硏究

趙武石 又石大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Through the long history of western literature and literary criticism, women have almost been refused to participate in. Gender has been constructed in partriarchy to serve the interests of male supremacy. Thus. feminist criticism has established gender as a fundamental category of literary analysis. The works, virginia woolf's A Room of One's Own(1929), Simone de Beauvo ir's The Second Sex(1949), Katharine M Roger's The Troublesome Helpmate(1966), Mary Ellman's Thinking About Women(1968) and Kate Millett's Sexual Politics(1969) from the basis for the explosive development of Anglo-American feminist criticism. Since the late 1960s, when feminist criticism develope as past of the international women's movement, the assumptions of literary study have been profoundly altered. To sec the alteration. the bibliographical history of feminist literary criticism has been surveyed. Feminist criticism has three distinct subdivision, each with its own target: 1) Image of women criticism, 2) Woman-centered criticism, 3) The New studied. the "Image of women" approach was the earliest form of feminist criticism and was thus the most fully developed, having already produced its own hardcover texts. The "Woman-centered approach has now become the dominant trend. The androgynous approach is presente for the future vision. During the last edcade, Anglo-American academic, literary, and cultural institutions have felt the impact of a feminist critical revolution. Now feminist criticism even offes a vital alternative, recognizable among the old texts, waiting for exploration and enlightenment.

大規摸 染色工業團地 廢水의 綜合處理에 關하여

曺秉樂,李種達,朴永圭,李哲熙,李武康 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1981 環境硏究 Vol.1 No.1

In this study, a method of treating waste water from the Bisan Dyeing Industry complex has been developed. This process will be used as a model for treating waste water from the future large-scale dyeing industy complex. If the concentrated dyeing waste water may be seperated from the scouring waste water the C-2 process is the most economical to treat the concentrated dyeing waste water first by the coagulation precipitation process and the scouring waste water mixed with the effluent of coagulation precipitaion next by the activated sludge process. When it is impossible to seperate the concentrated dyeing waste water from scouring water for the Biasn Dyeing Industry complex, the B-2 process treating by the activated sludge process following coagulation precipitation with alum can be applied.

『작은 여인들, 또는 메그, 조, 베스, 에이미』에 나타난 여성 리더십

조무석 淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所 2004 아시아여성연구 Vol.43 No.2

본 연구는 19세기 미국여성작가 루이자 메이 올컷(IeuisaMayAlrott)의 작품에 나타난 여성리더십을 20세기 초 영국의 여성주의 비평가 버지니아 울프(Virginia Woolf)의 관점과 관련하여 탐색해 보고자 하였다. 울프는 그녀의 대표적인 비평서인 『자기만의방」(1929)에서 남성들이 누리는 모든 혜택에서 제외된 여성의 현실을 고발한다. 이러한 현실을 인식한 여성의 권리주장이 그녀의 여성주의로 표출된다. 그러나 이러한 남성의 타자로서의 여성권리 주장은 똑같은 성적편견에 의한 문제점을 야기할 수 있다는 점에 주목한 그녀는 여성의식 주창과 함께 여성성과 남성성이 조화를 이룬 양성주의를 미래 평등사회 발전을 위한 대안으로 제시한다. 이러한 울프의 사상은 시대를 거슬러 올라가 올컷의 『작은 여인들』 시리즈 중 첫 번째 작품인 『작은 여인들, 또는 메그, 조, 베스, 에이미』(1868)에 작품으로 구현되어 있다. 둘째 딸 조 아치의 여성주의적 리더십은 사실적인 묘사를 통해 여성주의에서 출발하고 있으나, 어머니의 양성주의 리더십은 판타지를 통해 미래비전으로 나타난다. 이 작품은 그 표층구조에서는 뉴잉글랜드 지방과 가정생활을 사실적으로 그린 작품으로 보이지만, 그 심층구조에서는 존 번연(John Bunyan)의 판타지 우화소설 『천로역정』을 바탕으로 현실과 꿈을 적절히 활용하여 작가의 여성의식과 양성평등정신을 교직의 피륙처럼 짜내고 있다. 작가의 분신으로 여겨지는 둘째 딸 조의 반항정신과 독립정신,그리고 그 시대의 규범에 순응하지 않는 담당함과 작가로서의 야망 등은 남성 중심의 사회에서 남성과 당당히 겨루어 지도자가 된 많은 여성지도자들에게 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 그러나 여기서 우리가 주목할 점은 올컷이 작가가 되는 리더 기질이 '조'만이 아니라, 다양한 기질의 네 자매 모두가 주인공이 되도록 그리고 있다는 사실이다. 기존의 관점과는 다른, 이러한 다양한 주인공들은 어머니의 양성주의적 리더십을 통해 아름다운 공동체 형성에 각자의 특성대로 기여한다. 남성문화에서 배양된 여성주의 리더십은 그 권력추구의 속성으로 인해 리더십의 권위가 비인격적 권력으로 변질하기 쉬운 남성의 리더십과 비슷해질 우려를 다분히 내포하고 있다. 그러한 문제점을 보완하기 위해서는 누구나 외적인 조건에 상관없이 자유롭고 존귀한 존재로 그 가치를 인정받아야하고 서로 다른 차이들이 다양성으로 인정받는 어머니의 양성주의 리더십이 요구된다고 보는 지점에서 올컷과 울프는 일치를 이루고 있다. 그러나 여성주의리더십과 양성주의 리더십은 적대적인 관계에 있는 것이 아니라 상호보완하고 있다는 점에서도 그들은 일치를 이루고 있다. 울프의 글이 시대와 대상을 초월하여, 여성적이면서도 더욱 온전하고 조화로운 인격적 관계로 우리를 초대하듯이 올컷 또한 19세기라는 시대적인 제약에도 불구하고 21세기가 필요로 하는 리더십의 한 대안을 여성들을 통하여 보여주고 있다. This study explores the woman's leadership in the fiction of Louisa May Alcott(1832-1888), who is reevaluated as a forerunner of feminist literature in the late twentieth, Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy(1868) with the viewpoint of Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)', the first feminist critic. Woolf advocated feminism for women who were under the prejudice and subjugation, and furthermore developed her vision of androgyny for both man and women, in her feminist essay, A Room of one's Own(1929). Her androgyny seeks to liberate the individuals from the confines of the 'appropriate' and suggests a spirit of reconciliation between two sexes, that is, in Woolf's term, a mind of "woman-manly, man-womanly." Therefore her feminism can be fully understood as consisting of those two sides - her recognition of the fact of feminism and the pursuit of the vision of androgyny. They can never be separated from each other. The Alcott's work is well represented on the Woolf's feminism and androgyny, even though the first edition of Alcott's Little Women was appeared about 60 years earlier than Woolf's A Room of one's Own, in which woman leaderships are observed. Alcott's story of the March sisters and their mother "Marmee" was her truest work and its success was due to the use of real life and the writer's own experiences. Furthermore Alcott suggested the vision of androgynous mother leadership supported by the fantasy allegorical novel Pilgrim's progress. Through the Central character tomboy Jo, feminist leadership was analyzed to be turned out similar with masculine leadership, while through Marmee, we could find the androgynous leadership as a vision for the future world. In spite of their different leaderships, as Woolf pointed out, they can never be separated.

한국 일 도시지역 청소년의 우울 증상 유병률과 관련요인에 대한 연구

조성진,전홍진,김무진,김장규,김선욱,류인균,조맹제 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.4

연구 목적 : 한국의 일 도시지역에 거주하는 청소년의 우울 증상의 유병률과 관련요인을 밝힘으로써 청소년 정신건강 증진을 위한 기초 자료를 수집하기 위하여 실시되었다. 방 법 : 연구 대상은 부천시에 거주하는 중학교나 고등학교에 재학중인 청소년 71,102명 가운데에서 무작위 집락 표본 추출법에 의해 선정된 2,203명이었으며, 이들에 대해서 CES-D(the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)와 사회인구학적 정보에 대한 문항이 들어 있는 설문을 실시하였다. 설문은 직접 학교를 방문하여 수행하였다. 선정된 2,203명의 청소년 가운데에 CES-D문항을 완성한 학생은 1,972명으로 반응률은 89.5%였다. 결 과 : 1) CES-D의 절단점을 16점으로 하여 계산한 '가능한' 우울 증상의 유병률은 중학생의 경우에 남학생 34.6%, 여학생 44.7%였으며, 고등학생의 경우에는 남학생 43.8%, 여학생 49.6%였다. 2) CES-D의 절단점을 25점으로 하여 계산한 '명확한' 우울증 증상의 유별률은 중학생의 경우에 남학생 18.4%, 여학생 20.7%였으며, 고등학생의 경우에는 남학생 21.4%, 여학생 23.9%였다. 3)종교, 인문계와 실업계의 여부에 따라서 우울 증상의 유병률에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) 성,학년, 생활수준에 대한 자신의 평가, 가족의 구조, 성적에 대한 만족도의 다섯 가지 변수에 대해 CES-D점수가 16점 이상인 우울 증상의 유무에 따라서 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였을 때 성적에 대해 불만적 하는 군에서 매우 만족하는 군에 비해서 8.850배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 생활 수준을 중하정도라고 대답한 군은 상이라고 대답한 군에 비해서 2.007배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 여학생은 남학생에 비해서 1.307배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 5) 우울 증상에 있어서 남학생과 여학생의 비율은 전체 군에서 1:1.38이며 중학생의 경우에는 1:1.88, 고등학생의 경우에는 1:1.13으로 나타났다. 고등학생에 있어 남학생의 우울 증상이 증가하는 것은 학업과 입시에 대한 부담과 관련된 것으로 생각되었다. 결 론 : 한국 일 도시거주 중고등학생에서 CES-D로 측정한 우울 증상은 남학생의 34.3%, 여학생의 47.5%에서 나타날 정도로 흔하다. 특히 학업 성적에 대해 불만족 하는 군에서 높은 우울 증상의 상대 위험률을 보이며, 고등학생에서 남학생의 우울증의 유병률이 높아지는 것은 이 지역 학생들이 학업에 대한 높은 부담을 가지고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이들에 대한 특별한 관심이 요구된다. Objective : We tried to see the prevalence and correlates of symptoms of depression in an adolescent population in Korea, and collected the basal data for mental health promotion of adolescents. Method : We sampled 2,203 adolescents among 71,102 adolescents living in Puchon City in Korea by the randomized clustered sampling method. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms. The measurements were conducted through visiting schools. Of the 2,203 adolescents(aged 13 to 18) who were sampled, 1,972 persons completed CES-D and sociodemographic questions. The response rate was 89.5%. Result : 1) The prevalence rate of 'probable' depressive symptoms with cutoff point 16 was 34.3% in the boys and 47.5% in the girls. 2) The prevalence rate of 'definite' depression symptoms with cutoff point 25 was 17.4% in the boys and 20.6% in the girls. 3) We could not find any meaningful difference in the average of CES-D from the districts where they live, the course of their education, and their religions. 4) We used the logistic regression analysis to find the risk factor for adolescent depression in these samples. Among the variables degree, it was most important risk factor in adolescent depression to dissatisfy with their school degrees. Compared it with fully satisfied group, the odds ratio was 8.850. The group of mid to low socioeconomic status had the odds ratio 2.007 compared with high socioeconomic status. The girls had the odds ratio 1.307 compared with the boys. 5) The male versus female ratio was 1: 1.38 in the total students and 1 : 1.88 in the middle school students, and 1 : 1.13 in the high school students. The male versus female ratio was relatively low in the high school students. It was the result of the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the high school boys, and it was due to the large burden to their school degrees. Conclusion : The depressive symptoms checked by CES-D were very common among adolescents in Korean urban area. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 34.3% in the boys and 47.5% in the girls. The result that male versus female ratio was relatively low in the high school adolescents, and the group that were dissatisfied with the school degrees had high risk of depressive symptoms, revealed that the students had large burden to their school degrees and so they needed special concerns.

교회 CI, 교회 심볼마크 분석연구를 중심으로

趙武光 新羅大學校 2001 論文集 Vol.50 No.-

There are many religious organizations around us. The church, which is the nearest to modern people among them, makes not only a Christian but also non-Christian meet with Christian culture directly or indirectly. Now, it is important to the church internally that how ministers preach the gospel and approach closer to people who don't know the gospel. It would be a important key word to lead the 21c, the information-oriented age, properly that the church known to be more conservative than any other religious body improves the way to approach resolutely. First of all, it's be required to establish the identity of the church. And then, the construction of the 'CI'(church identity) should be preceded. The study of church symbol design, which plays a key role in introducing the 'CI', is being regarded as of great importance. This study shows the desirable direction in the construction of 'CI' and the production of symbol mark for the future with analyzing the present condition of symbol mark of Korean church, based on formative arts. This study would not be enough to cover the whole field of visual identity. But with this as a start, it is expected to be more studies actively.

신경회로망에 의한 부하식별과 과도안정도 해석에 관한 연구

趙武濟 충주대학교 1997 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.32 No.2

In this paper, was developed an artificial neural network for load characteristic indentification of power system. We can acquire active power and reactive power of individual load depending on the variation of voltage and frequency from the experimentation of a dynamic characteristic of load. The data of the exprimental results were used in learning of ANN. A proposed ANN model is applied to analyze the transient stability. To demonstrate the propriety of the power system transient stability with load model using ANN, the simulation of the two-machine five-bus system is carried out

廣告의 레이아웃과 構成原理

趙武光 新羅大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.34 No.1

The layout process in advertising design has recently been embossed as the whole of living information, making linguistic forms of words and images as the final control work of advertising expression. In such a current situation, it is highly demanded that competent graphic designers are necessary for developing effective visual language, and also required that the design work of the staffs connected with the production of advertisement should be understood profoundly. Before the nineteen eighties in which the market situation was drab, the purpose of advertisement could be attained even by the messages which could prove the feeling of satisfaction from the using of manufactured articles, simply positioning the manufactured articles or contents of service through the names of goods or images. But in the market situation in which consciousness and a value system are rapidly changing by recent waves of democratization, internationalization, and opening, we cannot overcome the aggravated, competitive markdting situation simply by the formaer stale, old-fashioned expression. The graphic designers and art directors, displaying the producing powers through overcoming a complicated situation, can reach the goal by fully understanding the market strategy and advertising goal, accepting this theoretically, and sythesizing compound expressing technique. This thesis aims at studying the constituent principle of layout on the basis of existing advertisements both at home and abroad which can be hepled in understanding expression work by the people such as advertisers, agents, and producers connected with advertising design.