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Towards UAV-based bridge inspection systems: a review and an application perspective
Chan, Brodie,Guan, Hong,Jo, Jun,Blumenstein, Michael Techno-Press 2015 Structural monitoring and maintenance Vol.2 No.3
Visual condition inspections remain paramount to assessing the current deterioration status of a bridge and assigning remediation or maintenance tasks so as to ensure the ongoing serviceability of the structure. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing backlog of maintenance activities. Existing research reveals that this is attributable to the labour-intensive, subjective and disruptive nature of the current bridge inspection method. Current processes ultimately require lane closures, traffic guidance schemes and inspection equipment. This not only increases the whole-of-life costs of the bridge, but also increases the risk to the travelling public as issues affecting the structural integrity may go unaddressed. As a tool for bridge condition inspections, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or, drones, offer considerable potential, allowing a bridge to be visually assessed without the need for inspectors to walk across the deck or utilise under-bridge inspection units. With current inspection processes placing additional strain on the existing bridge maintenance resources, the technology has the potential to significantly reduce the overall inspection costs and disruption caused to the travelling public. In addition to this, the use of automated aerial image capture enables engineers to better understand a situation through the 3D spatial context offered by UAV systems. However, the use of UAV for bridge inspection involves a number of critical issues to be resolved, including stability and accuracy of control, and safety to people. SLAM (Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping) is a technique that could be used by a UAV to build a map of the bridge underneath, while simultaneously determining its location on the constructed map. While there are considerable economic and risk-related benefits created through introducing entirely new ways of inspecting bridges and visualising information, there also remain hindrances to the wider deployment of UAVs. This study is to provide a context for use of UAVs for conducting visual bridge inspections, in addition to addressing the obstacles that are required to be overcome in order for the technology to be integrated into current practice.
A NEW LOOK AT AN ANCIENT ORDER: GENERIC REVISION OF THE BANGIALES (RHODOPHYTA)
Sutherland, Judith E.,Lindstrom, Sandra C.,Nelson, Wendy A.,Brodie, Juliet,Lynch, Michael D. J.,Hwang, Mi Sook,Choi, Han‐,Gu,Miyata, Masahiko,Kikuchi, Norio,Oliveira, Mariana C.,Farr, Tracy,Neef Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Journal of phycology Vol.47 No.5
<P>The red algal order Bangiales has been revised as a result of detailed regional studies and the development of expert local knowledge of Bangiales floras, followed by collaborative global analyses based on wide taxon sampling and molecular analyses. Combined analyses of the nuclear SSU rRNA gene and the plastid RUBISCO LSU (<I>rbc</I>L) gene for 157 Bangiales taxa have been conducted. Fifteen genera of Bangiales, seven filamentous and eight foliose, are recognized. This classification includes five newly described and two resurrected genera. This revision constitutes a major change in understanding relationships and evolution in this order. The genus <I>Porphyra</I> is now restricted to five described species and a number of undescribed species. Other foliose taxa previously placed in <I>Porphyra</I> are now recognized to belong to the genera <I>Boreophyllum</I> gen. nov., <I>Clymene</I> gen. nov., <I>Fuscifolium</I> gen. nov., <I>Lysithea</I> gen. nov., <I>Miuraea</I> gen. nov., <I>Pyropia</I>, and <I>Wildemania</I>. Four of the seven filamentous genera recognized in our analyses already have generic names (<I>Bangia</I>, <I>Dione</I>, <I>Minerva</I>, and <I>Pseudobangia</I>), and are all currently monotypic. The unnamed filamentous genera are clearly composed of multiple species, and few of these species have names. Further research is required: the genus to which the marine taxon <I>Bangia fuscopurpurea</I> belongs is not known, and there are also a large number of species previously described as <I>Porphyra</I> for which nuclear SSU ribosomal RNA (nrSSU) or <I>rbc</I>L sequence data should be obtained so that they can be assigned to the appropriate genus.</P>