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Explaining Nondestructive Bond Stress Data From High-Temperature Testing of Au-Al Wire Bonds
McCracken, Michael James,Koda, Yusuke,Hyoung Joon Kim,Mayer, Michael,Persic, John,June Sub Hwang,Jeong-Tak Moon IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on components, packaging, and ma Vol.3 No.12
<P>The application of an alternative method of bond monitoring during high-temperature aging is reported using a custom made test chip with piezoresistive integrated CMOS microsensors located around test bond pads. The sensor detects radial stresses originating from the bond pad and can resolve changes because of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, voiding, or crack formation at the bond interface. Optimized Au ball bonds are aged for over 2000 h at 175 °C. It is found that stress sensors next to the bonds are capable of showing the stages of IMC growth, consumption of pad Al layers, and monitoring the formation of low-density and Al-rich IMC (AuAl<SUB>2</SUB>) which shows an advanced stage of aging. In particular, a first stress signal increase corresponds to the conversion of all Al above the diffusion barrier into IMCs. The second increase in stress signal after a period of stability corresponds to conversion of all Al below the barrier into IMCs. The IMC formation in these periods causes shear strength increase. After complete bond Al consumption, the bond, however, reaches maximum strength. As bond degradation starts, e.g., by lateral IMC formation, voiding, and oxide formation, as well as because of lateral pad Al transformation to IMC, the signal exhibits a strong decrease. The findings are corroborated by results obtained from classical methods such as interruptive or destructive testing including visual inspection, shear testing, cross sectioning, and by bond resistance monitoring.</P>
Maternal Fetal Trauma: When One Patient Becomes Two: A Case Study
Bonnie McCracken 대한외상중환자외과학회 2020 Journal of Acute Care Surgery Vol.10 No.1
Trauma is a complication in an estimated 6-7% of pregnancies, and is the most frequent cause of obstetric death. Trauma has been shown to result in maternal or fetal death, and in cases of extensive trauma, both may die. Management of pregnant patients has multiple challenges. It requires coordination of the trauma and obstetrics teams, as well as other specialties specific to the injuries of the patient. Management of the pregnant female has been described in trauma literature, but there are few reports on the management of both mother and fetus, when both have sustained trauma injuries. This case study discusses the series of events when a mother and fetus have injuries, and the considerations required in the post-resuscitative period when both patients survive.
Killing Snowmen: Big Things and Rural Australia’s Existential Crises
Clare McCracken Academy of Mobility Humanities 2022 Mobility Humanities Vol.1 No.2
In the mid-1980s my father took the Alpine Shire to the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal to contest the proposed construction of a seventeen-metre-high concrete snowman. The Big Snowman was part of an Australian post Second World War tradition of constructing big kitsch monuments in small townships. These massive sculptures had been inherited from a similar trend in the United States and were designed to put communities on the tourist map by stopping the passing car in awe. Ultimately, my father was successful, and the Big Snowman was never built. Nonetheless, from the 1960s an estimated 350 Big Things were installed across Australia and around 150 still line Australian rural roadsides. This paper takes a mixed-method approach—utilising a family archive of documents related to the Big Snowman controversy, memory, and performance-based mobile fieldwork to ask what Big Things tell us about Australian national identity. Written in an auto-ethnographic style in conversation with mobilities, postcolonial, settler-colonial and feminist theory, this experimental paper articulates how elements of the “mechanic complex” that have been inherited from different countries can have complex site-specific meaning and impacts.
Ball, M.E.E.,Owens, B.,McCracken, K.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.3
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of variety and growing conditions of wheat on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and sixty-four wheat samples, collected from a wide range of different sources, locations, varieties and years, were analyzed for a range of chemical and physical parameters. Chemical and physical parameters measured included specific weight, thousand grain weight (TG), in vitro viscosity, gross energy, N, NDF, starch, total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), lysine, threonine, amylose, hardness, rate of starch digestion and protein profiles. Ninety-four of the wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolizm cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were determined weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, DM retention, oil and NDF digestibility. At 28 d the birds were sacrificed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal DM, starch and protein digestibility. The wheat samples used in the study had wide-ranging chemical and physical parameters, leading to bird DMI, LWG, gain:feed, ME:GE, AME content and ileal starch and protein digestibility being significantly (p<0.05) affected by wheat sample. A high level of N fertilizer application to the English and NI wheat samples tended to benefit bird performance, with increases of up to 3.4, 7.2 and 3.8% in DMI, LWG and gain:feed, respectively. Fungicide application also appeared to have a positive effect on bird performance, with fungicide treated (+F) wheat increasing bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed by 6.6, 9.3 and 2.7%, over the non-fungicide treated (-F) wheats. An increase (p<0.1) of 9.3% in gain:feed was also observed at the low seed rate of 40 compared to 640 seeds/$m^2$. It was concluded that the type of wheat sample and environmental growing conditions significantly affects bird performance when fed wheat-based diets.