Multiple heterologous M2 extracellular domains presented on virus-like particles confer broader and stronger M2 immunity than live influenza A virus infection

Kim, M.C.,Lee, J.S.,Kwon, Y.M.,O, E.,Lee, Y.J.,Choi, J.G.,Wang, B.Z.,Compans, R.W.,Kang, S.M. Elsevier/North-Holland 2013 Antiviral research Vol.99 No.3

The influenza M2 ectodomain (M2e) is poorly immunogenic and has some amino acid changes among isolates from different host species. We expressed a tandem repeat construct of heterologous M2e sequences (M2e5x) derived from human, swine, and avian origin influenza A viruses on virus-like particles (M2e5x VLPs) in a membrane-anchored form. Immunization of mice with M2e5x VLPs induced protective antibodies cross-reactive to antigenically different influenza A viruses and conferred cross protection. Anti-M2e antibodies induced by heterologous M2e5x VLPs showed a wider range of cross reactivity to influenza A viruses at higher levels than those by live virus infection, homologous M2e VLPs, or M2e monoclonal antibody 14C2. Fc receptors were found to be important for mediating protection by immune sera from M2e5x VLP vaccination. The present study provides evidence that heterologous recombinant M2e5x VLPs can be more effective in inducing protective M2e immunity than natural virus infection and further supports an approach for developing an effective universal influenza vaccine.

Fe-Cu-M-(Si, B) (M = V, Nb, Mo, Ta, W) 합금의 연자기특성 (軟磁氣特性)

강일구,김희중,노태환,이명복,피우갑 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1990 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.28 No.4

Dependence of the effective permeability on annealing and the annealing-induced structural change for amorphous Fe_(73.5)Cu₁M₃Si_(13.5)B_9(M=V, Nb, Mo, Ta or W)and Fe_(73.5)Cu₁Nb₃(Si_xB_(1-x))_(22.5)(x=0∼0.8) alloys were investigated. Crystalline Fe_(73.5)Cu₁M₃Si_(13.5)B_9(M=V, Nb, Mo, W)alloys with α-Fe phase which was obtained by annealing at above T_x showed higher effective permeability than with amorphous phase, and the increase in permeability upon crystallization was large in the order of V$lt;W$lt;Mo$lt;Nb. For amorphous Fe_(73.5)Cu₁Nb₃(Si_xB_(1-x))_(22.5) alloys in the composition range from x=0.5 to 0.8, soft magnetic property was improved by crystallization. Moreover, in that composition range, the effective permeability increased with the Si content(x). Superior soft magnetic property of the high-Si alloys was attributed to both the small magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the low magnetostriction. The effective permeabilities measured at 1㎑ and 5 m0e for crystalline Fe-Cu-Mo-Si-B and Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B(0.5≤x≤0.8) alloys were about 1∼2 × 10⁴, and it was comparable to that of the zero-magnetostriction Co-based amorphous alloys.

Microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous M2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection

Kim, M.C.,Lee, J.W.,Choi, H.J.,Lee, Y.N.,Hwang, H.S.,Lee, J.,Kim, C.,Lee, J.S.,Montemagno, C.,Prausnitz, M.R.,Kang, S.M. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 Journal of controlled release Vol.210 No.-

A broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. This study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (MN) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous M2 extracellular (M2e) domains (M2e5x VLPs) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. The stability of M2e5x VLP-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks at room temperature without losing M2e antigenicity and immunogenicity. MN skin immunization induced strong humoral and mucosal M2e antibody responses and conferred cross-protection against heterosubtypic H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza virus challenges. In addition, M2e5x VLP MN skin vaccination induced T-helper type 1 responses such as IgG2a isotype antibodies and IFN-γ producing cells at higher levels than those by conventional intramuscular injection. These potential immunological and logistic advantages for skin delivery of M2e5x VLP MN vaccines could offer a promising approach to develop an easy-to-administer universal influenza vaccine.

灌漑用水路의 水路損失率 算定에 관한 硏究

李基春,具滋雄,金在英,李宰泳,徐元明 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1982 農大論文集 Vol.13 No.-

This study was carried out in order to estimate water losses in irrigation canals, which may be used to evaluate the water requirement for irrigation projects. The conveyance losses were measured by the inflow-outflow method, the seepage were measured by the ponding method, and the operation losses in the course of irrigation were calculated by comparing the two kinds of losses. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows : Conveyance losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the main irrigation canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation, canal, were 1.399x10-5m3/m3/sec, 5.154x10-5m3/m3/sec, and 2.670×10-5m3/m3/sec respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were 1.934x10-5m3/m3/sec, 2.149x10-5m3/m3/sec, and 4.558x10-6m3/m3/sec respectively in the Seong-dug area. Seepage losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 2.180×10-6m3/m3/sec and 2.168×10-6m3/m3/sec in the Goons-sa area. 1.150x10-6m3/m3/sec and 1.084x10-6m3 /m3/sec in the Seong-dug area respectively. Operation losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 4.936×10-5m3/m3/sec and 2.453×10-5m3/m3/sec in the Goong-sa area, 2.034×10-5m3/m3/sec and 4.450×10-5m3/m3 /sec in the Seong-dug area respectively. Conveyance, seepage and operation losses in the Goong-sa area were 6.7%, 94.6%, and 14.0% more than those in the Seong-dug area. Operation losses amount to about 17 times as much as seepage losses in the Goons-sa area and about 29 times in the Seong-dug area .The seepage losses depend much on the soil texture. ranging from 7.437×10-7m3/m3/sec to 2.430x10-6 m3/m3/sec. Water loss rates in the main irrigation canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were estimated as 8.49%. 37.27%, and 9.8l%, respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were estimated as 15.10%, 32.67% and 13.73% respectively in the Seong-dug area.

소규모 복도-더그매 예열 음압환기방식 무창자돈사의 최적 환기 요건에 관한 연구

이승주 ( S. J. Lee ),장동일 ( D. I. Chang ),황선호 ( S. H. Hwang ),( W. M. Gutierrez ),장홍희 ( H. H. Chang ) 한국농업기계학회 2010 바이오시스템공학 Vol.35 No.6

This study was carried out to determine necessary conditions for optimal ventilation of small windowless piglet house (4.0 (W) × 11.0 (L) × 2.6(H) m) with corridor and attic for preheating using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The experimental weaning piglet house was consisted of a corridor, an attic, 4 rooms (3.0 (W) × 2.75(L) m), 3 fences (0.7(H) m), 5 air inlets and 2 exhaust fans (0.4 (D) m) and simulated using CFD code, FLUENT. The simulation results for the experimental weaning piglet house showed that each room was uniformly ventilated under all the experimental conditions and air velocities at 0.1 m above floor are less than 0.15 m/s for 0.75 m/s and 1.0 m/s of air inlet velocity but 0.61 m/s for 1.25 m/s. The simulation results are similar to the measured results. Considering the air flow pattern, ventilating efficiency, air velocity at 0.1 m above floor and cold stress of weaning piglets and so on, the optimum velocity of air inlet might be 1.0 m/s.

Metabolic characterization of (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl)-methanone (MAM-2201) using human liver microsomes and cDNA-overexpressed cytochrome P450 enzymes

Kong, T. Y.,Kim, J. H.,Choi, W. G.,Lee, J. Y.,Kim, H. S.,Kim, J. Y.,In, M. K.,Lee, H. S. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Vol.409 No.6

<P>MAM-2201 is a synthetic cannabinoid that is increasingly found in recreational drug abusers and cases of severe intoxication. Thus, characterization of the metabolic pathways of MAM-2201 is necessary to predict individual pharmacokinetics and toxicity differences, and to avoid toxic drug-drug interactions. Collectively, 19 phase 1 metabolites of MAM-2201 were identified using liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry following human liver microsomal incubations in the presence of NADPH: 7 hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1-M7), 4 dihydroxy-MAM-2201 (M8-M11), dihydrodiol-MAM-2201 (M12), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), hydroxy-M13 (M14), N-dealkyl-MAM-2201 (M15), 2 hydroxy-M15 (M16, M17), MAM-2201 N-pentanoic acid (M18), and hydroxy-M18 (M19). On the basis of intrinsic clearance values in human liver microsomes, hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), and hydroxy-M13 (M14) were the major metabolites. Based on an enzyme kinetics study using human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and an immunoinhibition study using selective CYP antibodies in human liver microsomes, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 enzymes were responsible for MAM-2201 metabolism. The CYP3A4 enzyme played a prominent role in MAM-2201 metabolism, and CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 enzymes played major roles in the formation of some metabolites. MAM-2201 is extensively metabolized by multiple CYP enzymes, indicating that MAM-2201 and its metabolites should be used as markers of MAM-2201 abuse and toxicity.</P>

Potent selective monoamine oxidase B inhibition by maackiain, a pterocarpan from the roots of Sophora flavescens

Lee, H.W.,Ryu, H.W.,Kang, M.G.,Park, D.,Oh, S.R.,Kim, H. Pergamon Press 2016 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters Vol.26 No.19

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidation of monoamines and its two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B, break down neurotransmitter amines. Of the compounds isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, (-)-maackiain (4), a pterocarpan, was found to potently and selectively inhibit human MAO-B, with an IC<SUB>50</SUB> of 0.68μM, and to have a selectivity index of 126.2 for MAO-B. As compared with other herbal natural products, the IC<SUB>50</SUB> value of 4 for MAO-B is one of the lowest reported to date. Genistein (1) highly, effectively and non-selectively inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 3.9μM and 4.1μM, respectively. (-)-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (2) effectively and non-selectively inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 20.3μM and 10.3μM, respectively. In addition, compound 4 reversibly and competitively inhibited MAO-B with a K<SUB>i</SUB> value of 0.054μM. Molecular docking simulation revealed that the binding affinity of 4 for MAO-B (-26.6kcal/mol) was greater than its affinity for MAO-A (-8.3kcal/mol), which was in-line with our inhibitory activity findings. Furthermore, Cys172 of MAO-B was found to be a key residue for hydrogen bonding with compound 4. The findings of this study suggest compound 4 be viewed as a new potent, selective, and reversible MAO-B inhibitor, and that compounds 1 and 2 be considered useful lead compounds for the developments of nonselective and reversible MAO inhibitors for the treatment of disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, and depression.

Development of Naturally Degradable “Rice Polymer" For Organic Weed Management of Red Pepper and Rice

C.K. Kang,H.S. Nam,Y.K. Lee,S.B. Lee,B.M. Lee,Y.J. Oh,H.J. Jee,M.K. Hong,K.W. Jung,Y.J. Lee,Y.H. Choi 한국유기농업학회 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.S

Among the developed bío-degradable polymer fílms as compared wíth transparent fílm(Whíte), black polymer fílm was sígnífícantly more effectíve for controllíng weeds ín red pepper. Also, we found that whíte and black polymer mulchíng had 81.8% and 97.9% of managing weed controllíng effects in rice, respectively. Compared to nonmulched rice paddy with water supply, the non-mulched rice paddy wíthout any water supply has stopped its growth at 41 days after transplantíng, whíle polymer -mulched rice paddy without water supply had about 60% of normally growing rice plants. This shows the polymer treatment has a remarkable effect on water and power saving, solution of herbicidal resistance, avoidance of herbícidal influence to eco-system etc. When the naturally decomposíng polymer was used, a temperature was elevated as high as 4.7 ℃ on maximum and 2.6 ℃ on average. Also the naturally decomposing polymer accelerated rooting by 7 days and lowered a stress level from transplanting. The weed control effect mulched by polymer was remarkable as 98. 7%. The p이ymer now, after 294 days treated on the rice paddy, has been completely decomposed.

용융철중의 텅스텐의 거동

이계완,조정완,김길무 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1972 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.10 No.1

CO·CO₂가스 분위기하에서의 Fe-W 용융체에 대한 슬래그-용강간의 반응을 1,650℃ 및 1,750℃에서 검토하였다. Pco/Pco₂=5.0 이상에서 텅스텐의 슬래그-용강간의 분포, [W]/(WO₃)는 다음 반응평형에 따라 결정된다. (WO₃)+3[Fe]=[W]+3(FeO) log K_f=-22,300/T+10.66 슬래그-용강간의 반응에 대한 평형항수, K_f는 1,650℃의 경우 Pco/Pco₂=3.3이하에서 점차로 감소하고, 1,750℃의 경우는 Pco/Pco₂=5.0 이하에서 급격히 감소한다. 슬래그상중의 (FeO)함량은 Pco/Pco₂가 감소함에 따라 다음 반응에 의하여 증가한다. [Fe]+CO₂=(FeO)+CO 공기중에서 용해할 때 슬래그-용강간의 반응을 다음과 같이 추정하였다. (WO₃)+2.5[Fe]=[W]+2.5(FeO_(1.2)) log K_i=-14,288/T+6.31 Slag-metal reactions for iron-tungsten melts under CO·CO₂ gas atmosphere are investigated at 1,650℃ and 1,750℃. When Pco/Pco₂ is more than 5.0, slag-metal distributions of tungsten, [W]/(WO₃), can be determined by the following reaction equilibriclm. (WO₃)+3[Fe]=[W]+3(FeO) log K_f=-22,300/T+10.66 The equilibrium constant, K_f, for the slag-metal reaction slightly decreases when Pco/Pco₂ is less than 3.3 at 1,650℃, and suddenly decreases below Pco/Pco₂=5.0 at 1,750℃. (FeO) contents of slag phase increase, as Pco/Pco₂ decrease according to the following reaction, [Fe]+CO₂=(FeO)+CO, An estimation for slag-metal reactions on open melting is as follows; (WO₃)+2.5[Fe]=[W]+2.5(FeO_(1.2)) log K_i=-14,288/T+6.31

짐벌 시스템을 이용한 유모차 수평 시스템 설계

이건민(G. M. Lee),김재열(J. Y. Kim),조민정(M. J. Jo),이명기(M. G. Lee),이정현(J. H. Lee),조동현(D. H. Jo),이지운(J. U. Lee),박지원(J. W. Park),박주찬(J. C. Park),정석원(S. W. Jeong) 한국기계가공학회 2021 한국기계가공학회 춘추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.12