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P. G. Gucciardi,R. Micheletto,M. Allegrini,T. Kotani,T. Hatada,Y. Kawakami 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.47 No.1
Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) have been found to be very effective in increasing the efficiency of light emitting diodes and semiconductor laser devices. By using polarization-modulated scanning near-field optical microscopy (PM-SNOM), we investigate the optical response to different illumination polarization states of a DBR structure that consists of a stack of quarter wavelength thick slabs of dielectrics with alternating high and low refractive index. The DBR has been optically characterized in the near-field at different wavelengths in illumination- and in collection- mode with light excitation orthogonal to the probe axis, for fixed as well as for modulated polarization. We have found that the optical signal does not follow the morphological structure of the slabs, as expected but it shows a different spatial periodicity related to the excitation properties and to the interplay of the different DBR planes.
Likhvantsev Valery V,Landoni Giovanni,Berikashvili Levan B,Ermokhina Nadezhda V,Yadgarov Mikhail Ya,Kotani Yuki,Kadantseva Kristina K,Makarevich Dmitry M,Grechko Andrey V 대한마취통증의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.76 No.5
Background: Early postoperative neurocognitive disorders (ePND), include both emergence delirium, which is defined as very early onset postoperative delirium, and emergence agitation, defined as motor arousal. Although research on anesthesia emergence is limited, ePND are likely associated with unfavorable outcomes. This meta-analysis assessed the effect of ePND on clinically relevant outcomes.Methods: A systematic search of studies published between 2002 and 2022 on MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library was performed. Studies that included adults with emergence agitation and/or delirium and reported at least one of the following outcomes: mortality, postoperative delirium, length of post-anesthesia care unit stay, or length of hospital stay were included. The internal validity, risk of bias, and certainty of the evidence were assessed.Results: A total of 16,028 patients from 21 prospective observational studies and one case-control retrospective study were included in this meta-analysis. The occurrence rate of ePND was 13% (data excluding the case-control study). The mortality rate was 2.4% in patients with ePND vs. 1.2% in the normal emergence group (risk ratio [RR]: 2.6, P = 0.01, very low quality of evidence). Postoperative delirium occurred in 29% of patients with ePND and 4.5% of patients with normal emergence (RR: 9.5, P < 0.001, I2 = 93%). Patients with ePND had a prolonged length of post-anesthesia care unit stay (P = 0.004) and length of hospital stay (P < 0.001).Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that ePND are associated with twice the risk of mortality and a 9-fold increased risk of postoperative delirium.